Biological Theories of Aging Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biological Theories of Aging - Research Paper Example This paper briefly explains some of the biological theories of aging mentioned above. Simple Deterioration Theory argues that Aging is the accumulative result of universal deteriorative processes such as oxidation, molecular damage, wear and tear, or accumulation of adverse byproducts (Goldsmith, p.3). Even though man and machine are two entirely different things, both of them have certain similarities in their functioning. No machine is able to function more than particular period of time because of the wear and tear due to continuous work. Same way bodies of the living things are also undergoing continuous work which causes damages to the parts of the body. Even though we refill the fuels in the form of food, nutrients and water, there are certain limitations for the body of the living things to survive for a longer period. In chemistry, most of the chemical reactions yield products and by-products. These by-products are not necessarily the intended one. Same way our body chemistry also yields different by-products which are harmful to our health and may reduce our life span. At the same time we cannot avoid the production of such by-products Non-programmed theory of aging believes that aging is a passive result of an organism’s inability to better resist fundamental deteriorative processes. Moreover aging serves no purpose, is not an adaptation, and is not programmed (Goldsmith, p.8). Our body is undergoing lot of changes and processes virtually in very seconds. Most of the activities inside our body are beyond our control. For example, the pumping of blood by the heart is not done with our permission. We cannot stop any of the internal functions. Everything inside our body is tuned to do certain things and any malfunctions occur inside our body may result in diseases. We are passive observers of our body functions. â€Å"Organisms are purposely designed and genetically programmed to age or

Prejudice and Stereotype Essay Example for Free

Prejudice and Stereotype Essay Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race Chinese people are good in math All Koreans own a dry cleaning place or a laundry mat African Americans likes chicken Gender Metrosexual men are gay Women with men’s haircut are lesbians Men are better drivers than women Religion All Christian Catholics go to church every Sunday Mormons have more than one spouse. All Christians are Republicans Part II 1. In my opinion, I think that the one positive aspects of stereotypes is getting the knowledge from it, we are all raised differently and some of us are not exposed to different types of races, not knowing nothing else, but what a person knows. An example of this would be a person that is raised in a farm and the only people that this person is exposed to is their own race, and the only way of learning of what is outside of the farm is people telling stories of their experiences meeting other types of races. 2. There are many negative aspects of stereotypes, whether if it is race, religion, gender preference, ethnicity, age or disability, there is nothing good that can come from it. Most of the stereotypes are very hurtful to some that it can lead to depression and health issues or even in some cases suicide. An example of this is Seung-Hui Cho, a Korean American who killed himself after shooting and killing 32 people in Virginia Tech back in 2007. As a young child he was made fun of with his races by other kids until he was in college. Part III The definition of stereotypes is to believe unfairly that all people or things with a particular characteristic are the same. An example of a stereotypes are: men that wear pink shirts are gay, women that ride motorcycles are dikes. The definition of prejudice is an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics. An example of prejudice are: Black people are ghetto, Chinese people have small eyes. The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is that they go hand in hand, one can start with stereotypes and it ends up to being prejudice. The wording or phrases can be interpreted one way or another, the way that it can be differentiated is by the tone or the way that it is said. To prevent prejudice from occurring, we must do our best educate others about the negative effects of it. It is hard to teach everyone around us the impact on how not to be prejudice, but the ones we can reach out to like the one out of ignorance can be taught. It is all about educating really, and being exposed to other races can play a big roll from prejudice from occurring. REFERENCES: -http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/ulterior-motives/201302/the-pain-positive-stereotypes -http://www. cnn. com/2013/10/31/us/virginia-tech-shootings-fast-facts/ http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/prejudice.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- Jean Jacques Rousseau Biographies Essay

Jean-Jacques Rousseau   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I was born to a family whose morals distinguished them from the people.† (Josephson 9) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland on June 28, 1712. He became the son of Isaac Rousseau, a plebian class watchmaker, and Suzanne Bernard, the daughter of a minister who died shortly after giving birth to him. Rousseau’s baptism ceremony was a traditional one held at St. Peter’s Cathedral on July 4, 1712 by the reverend senebies. He had an elder brother who had a â€Å"loose character†, but Rousseau loved him anyway. At an early age, Rousseau found a love for reading. His mother had an inheritance of some money and many romantic books and novels, so those are the first that he read. He and his father would read for so many hours sometimes they would read continuously through the night and on into the next day. His father had a recklessly violent temper, and after a minor infraction with a police officer, fled from Geneva to Canten Vaud in Myon, which is 12 miles from Geneva, and there he continued his profession. Rousseau was ten years old. He was then sent to live with his maternal uncle Bernard, a military engineer in the service of the city-state, and aunt Madame Goncerut, who instilled in him a great passion for music. Deprived of parental love and affection, Rousseau’s childhood was miserable. He was sent, along with his younger cousin, to be tutored by a Protestant preacher at Bossey, about four miles away at the base of Mont Salà ¨ve. Rousseau loved living in a pleasant land of valleys and hills, and so found the love of nature. It was also at Bossey where Rousseau established a gruesome affection for the pastor’s daughter, who was thirty years old. Two years passed before uncle Bernard withdrew the two boys because they were wrongly accused and beaten for some petty fact. They were then taken back to his aunt and uncle’s home at the Grande Rue in Geneva. The boys were not placed back in regular school, but were taught mathematics and drawing by uncle Bernard. They spoke of making him a pastor, but they did not have enough money to send him, so Rousseau was placed as a notary to his uncle who was a lawyer who thought Rousseau was unqualified and sent him back. He was next placed as an engraver in April 1725. His master was also a violent man like his father who fed Rousseau poorly and often treated him harshly. T... ...Catholic and with 20 francs in hand. Jean Jacques Rousseau†¦George R. Havens Rousseau had only one brother, â€Å"on whom the spirit of the father came down in ample measure, just as the sensibility of the mother decended upon jean-jacques.† He was a rebellious boy and finally ran away to Germany, never to be seen again, so Rousseau was basically an only child. Rousseau†¦..John Morely The details of his childhoos are important because they helped him form the educational theories that are still up to date in our modern world, and also because they give some clues about why he acted the way he did in his later years. Rousseau’s parents were very loyal and devoted to one another ever since the young age of eight. For almost thirteen years, Jean-Jacques father was inconsolable. According to his Confessions, his father said he say his wife in Jean-Jacques. But what Jean-Jacques did not understand is why his father did not realize that it was he who took her from him. Jean-Jacques Rousseau†¦.C.H. Dobinson â€Å"I was born to a family whose morals distinguished them from the people.† Parents married on june 2, 1704. First son, Francois born in 1705. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- Josephson

Love Themes in the Great Gatsby

The Great Gatsby Many people dream of being rich and famous because they want to be honored and idolized by people. This is the goal of Jay Gatsby, the protagonist in The Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald which was considered his masterpiece in the year 1925. Jay Gatsby only wished to be with Daisy, the girl that he truly loved. In this essay, one will notice that the high amount of love in the story isn’t usually the kind of love that saves people’s lives and brings them their true happiness.Nick Carraway is a young man from Minnesota who moves to New York to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in West Egg, Long Island, a place where newly rich people live. He lives next to Jay Gatsby, the mysterious owner of the grand mansion who throws lavish parties every Saturday night. Nick’s cousin is Daisy, the wife of Tom Buchanan and the woman that Gatsby loves. Tom Buchanan has an affair with Myrtle Wilson.Because of Jordan Baker, a compe titive golfer with whom Nick met and fell in love but didn’t work out with, he found out that Gatsby’s been in love with Daisy for a long time, and the reason why he lives like a young rajah is to impress Daisy with how successful he is. Through a favor that Gatsby’s asks, Nick sets a meeting for Gatsby and Daisy for them to reunite and find out the love they had. After a short time, Tom suspects the extraordinary relationship of his wife with Gatsby.Though Tom is involved in an affair, he is deeply insulted by the idea that his wife could also cheat on him. One day, Tom forced the group to go to New York to have lunch in Plaza Hotel, where he confronts Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy. Tom announced that Gatsby is a bootlegger and his involved on other illegal activities, and Daisy demanded to go home. Gatsby and Daisy drive back home together in Gatsby’s car, while Tom, Nick and Jordan are in Tom’s car. On the way home, Myrtle was hit and killed by the car of Gatsby.Later Nick discovered that Daisy is the one who’s driving when the accident happened. Tom told Wilson, the husband of Myrtle, that the car who hit his wife is owned by Gatsby. While Gatsby is relaxing in his pool, Wilson shoots and kills Gatsby and himself. After the small funeral Nick arranged for Gatsby, he ended his relationship with Jordan, and moves back to Midwest. In the novel it was quite obvious how Gatsby longed for Daisy; watching the green light from Daisy’s house every night, reaching out to it. He did get Daisy back through Nick in the story, ut during the time that he wished very hard that Daisy would be his, he was unable to spend much time with the woman at all, and so, if truly thought about, he didn’t love Daisy for what she currently is because he didn’t know that anymore. Gatsby loved the Daisy he once knew, or how he remembers her to be. In turn, Daisy thought she was in love with Gatsby also, but shown t hrough how she still didn’t try to get out of her marriage with Tom, she really wasn’t. She thought her appreciation of Gatsby’s attention was love.Tom cheated on Daisy with Myrtle and thought that was fine as long as he loved his wife, but then how come he was furious when he found out about his Daisy’s love affair? Was it really only because he was insulted that Daisy would cheat on him too? Finally, the main character Nick claimed he loved Jordan Baker, but found it necessary to separate from her at the end of the book. There seems to be a lot of love going around in the story, but somehow love became something that ruined their lives, because somehow, it never became what the characters or what the readers knew it was supposed to be.In chapter 3 Nick speaks of how he feels about Jordan towards the end of the story, talking about he thought he and Jordan had to go their separate ways, â€Å"†¦she had deliberately shifted our relations, and for a moment I thought I loved her†¦I’d been writing letters once a week and signing them: ‘Love, Nick,’ and all I could think of was how, when that certain girl played tennis, a faint mustache of perspiration appeared on her upper lip. Nevertheless there was a vague understanding that had to be tactfully broken off before I was free. † (3. 169) Nick says that he only thought he loved Jordan out right.He probably thought to mention the sweat on her upper lip while playing tennis because that’s not something that you call to mind right away about the person you love, at least not something as shallow as sweat. You don’t do things you should only be doing with the person you love with someone else, as Tom did with Myrtle. Oddly he cheated on Daisy, but he loved her. â€Å"I love Daisy too,† he says during their group confrontation at the Plaza Hotel, â€Å"Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come ba ck, and in my heart I love her all the time. (7. 251) If you could love someone but go behind his or her back to have an affair, and everybody in the world believed this, no one would be happy in love. In the same chapter Daisy also proves the love she feels is also twisted, â€Å"‘Oh, you want too much! ’ she cried to Gatsby. ‘I love you now – isn’t that enough? I can’t help what’s past. ’ She began to sob helplessly. ‘I did love him once – but I loved you too. ’† (7. 266) If at one point Daisy suddenly said she loved everybody she knew, it wouldn’t be hard to believe.With a lot of skill, Fitzgerald was able to sum up all that love was in the story in the first chapter. Gatsby was only reaching out to something, and the whole time he loved he Daisy, he was in love with a green light—the thought of her. In the first chapter, Nick notices an odd gesture of Gatsby’s which told about w hat he felt about Daisy. â€Å"†¦he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling.Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 152) The book showed how love can take a hold and take full control of people’s lives, but in a scary way, not be real love at all. Though most people know that love is beautiful, that there can be times that love is all we need, there’s a need to be careful. You need to be sure that it’s truly love, or else, love will be something you’d rather not have at all.

Differentiation Strategies of Gm

Differentiation strategies are not about pursuing uniqueness for the sake of being different. Differentiation is about understanding customers and how GM ‘s product can meet their needs. To this extent, the quest for differentiation advantage takes us to the heart of business strategy. The fundamental issues of differentiation are also the fundamental issues of business strategy: Who are GM ‘s customers? How does GM create value for them? And how does GM do it more effectively and efficiently than anyone else? Because differentiation is about uniqueness, establishing differentiation advantage requires creativity – it cannot be achieved simply through applying standardized frameworks and techniques. This is not to say that differentiation advantage is not amenable to systematic analysis. As have observed, there are two requirements for creating profitable differentiation. On the supply side, GM must be aware of the resources and capabilities through which it can create uniqueness (and do it better than competitors). On the demand side, the key is insight into customers and their needs and preferences. These two sides form the major components of our analysis of differentiation. In analyzing differentiation opportunities, GM can distinguish tangible and intangible dimensions of differentiation. Tangible differentiation is concerned with the observable characteristics of a product or service that are relevant to customers’ preferences and choice processes. These include size, shape, color, weight, design, material, and technology. Tangible differentiation also includes the performance of the product or service in terms of reliability, consistency, taste, speed, durability, and safety. Image differentiation are especially important for those products and services whose qualities and performance are difficult to ascertain at the time of purchase (â€Å"experience goods†). These include cosmetics, medical services, and education. By offering uniqueness in its offerings, GM may inevitably target certain market niches. By selecting performance, engineering, and style as the basis on which BMW competes in the automobile industry, it inevitably appeals to different market segments than does VW. To the extent that differentiation is imitated by other companies, the result can be the creation of new market segments. During the 1990s, General Motors’ segmented marketing strategy that targeted each brand on a specific price bracket and particular socioeconomic category ran into increasing problems as US customers showed less and less identification with the segments GM had defined for them. Demand analysis identifies customers’ demands for differentiation and their willingness to pay for it, but creating differentiation advantage also depends on a firm’s ability to offer differentiation. To identify the firm’s potential to supply differentiation, we need to examine the activities the firm performs and the resources it has access to. Pros and cons A strategy use by GM to seek competitive advantage through uniqueness (develop goods and services that are clearly different from those made available by the competitors)This strategy requires organizational strengths in marketing, research and development, technological leadership and creativity . They provide good services to the customer which services are different from other organization . G. M. is a multinational corporation engaged in socially responsible operations, worldwide. It is dedicated to provide products and services of such quality that our customers will receive superior value while our employees and business partners will share in our success and our stock-holders will receive a sustained superior return on their investment These days, GM realize how important it is to have employees trained in good customer service skills working in their contact center if they want to enhance their reputation. For example training staff in problem solving and the ability to multi task in areas such as navigating complex databases and switching between different computers to find information for the caller is now becoming a routine function in a modern contact center. It is therefore an advantage for call center employees in today’s workplace to have the ability to think quickly on their feet so they can deal quickly with involved information while working under pressure. GM also providing Transportation Services: Here GM aim at providing top nick transportation services to the customers and satisfy them to maximum extent. GM know that a delay in shipping the freights can cause considerable loss to the clients and the business, therefore on-time delivery is extremely important to us. The network of truck agents which are located at all over the booking points ensure that your consignments reach to its final destination in full secured mode, GM also gratify to all your transportation needs by providing you door-to-door Pick Up & Delivery Transportation services.

Guide to Map Reading for Beginners

Guide to Map Reading for Beginners In an age when mapping apps are commonplace, you may think that learning how to read a paper map is an obsolete skill. But if you enjoy hiking, camping, exploring the wilderness, or other outdoor activities, a good road or  topographic map is your still best friend. Unlike cell phones and GPS devices, there are no signals to lose or batteries to change with a paper map, making them far more reliable. This guide will introduce you to the basic elements of a map. Legend Cartographers, who design maps, use symbols to represent the different elements used. The legend, sometimes called a key, tells you how to interpret a maps symbols.  For instance, a square with a flag on top usually represents a school, and a dashed line represents a border. Note, however, that map symbols used in the United States are often used for different things in other countries. The symbol for a secondary highway used on a United States Geological Survey topographic map represents a railroad on Swiss maps. Title A maps title will tell you at a glance what the map is depicting. If youre looking at a road map of Utah, for example, you would expect to see interstate and state highways, plus major local roadways across the state. A USGS geological map, on the other hand, will depict specific scientific data for a region, such as groundwater supplies for a city. Regardless of the type of map youre using, it will have a title. Orientation A map isnt very useful if you dont know where you are relative to your position on it. Most cartographers align their maps so that the top of the page represents north and use a small arrow-shaped icon with an N beneath it to point you in the right direction. Some maps, such as topographic maps, will point to true north (the North Pole) and to magnetic north (where your compass points, to northern Canada). More elaborate maps may include a compass rose, depicting all four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west). Scale A life-sized map would be impossibly large. Instead, cartographers use ratios to reduce a mapped region to a manageable size. The maps scale will tell you what ratio is being used or, more commonly, depict a given distance as the equivalent of a measurement, such as 1 inch representing 100 miles.  Ã‚   Other Elements Just as there are many types of color maps, there are also many different color schemes used by cartographers. The map user should look to the legend for an explanation of colors on a map.   Elevation, for example, is often represented as a sequence of dark greens (low elevation or even below sea level) to browns (hills) to white or gray (highest elevation). A neatline is the border of a map. It helps to define the edge of the map area and obviously keeps things looking organized. Cartographers may also use neatlines to define offsets, which are mini-maps of an expanded area of the map. Many road maps, for instance, contain offsets of major cities that show additional cartographic  detail like local roads and landmarks. If youre using a topographic map, which depicts changes of elevation in addition to roads and other landmarks, youll see wavy brown lines that meander around. These are called contour lines and represent a given elevation as it falls upon the contour of the landscape.

Wealth of Nations essays

Wealth of Nations essays In the first book of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith discusses the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver. Throughout history, these two metals have been regarded as mints of significant value. Before mines were found in America, the difference in value between silver and gold was usually seen as proportionate, where one ounce of fine gold was considered equivalent to anywhere from ten to twelve ounces of fine silver. More recently, the values have changed as much as one ounce of fine gold to be equal to as much as fourteen or fifteen ounces of fine silver. Over the years, it is said that both silver and gold have dropped in value, but the drop of silver has come more rapidly, therefore leading to the reason why gold has become proportionately even more valuable than in the past. Smith does claim, however, that both the gold and silver mines of America exceeded in fertility all those which had ever been known before, the fertility of the silver mines had, it seems, been proportionally still greater than that of the gold ones. As a result of silver being more plentiful in comparison to gold, though it is considered less valuable it is certainly more important in many cases. Adam Smith says that it would be absurd to infer... that ... because an ounce of gold will commonly purchase from fourteen to fifteen ounces silver, that there are commonly in the market only fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver for one ounce of gold. The amount of silver that can be found in the market is in all probability worth more in proportion to gold. Adam Smith feels that the cheaper of the two metals is f both more value and greatness due to the quantity that is accessible. He explains, There are so many more purchasers for the cheap than for the dear commodity that not only a greater quantity of it, but a greater value, can commonly be disposed of. The...

How to Identify the 10 Different Types of Clouds

How to Identify the 10 Different Types of Clouds SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you need to know the different types of clouds for school, or are you just interested in what’s up there in the sky? At first glance, all clouds can look pretty much the same, but with a bit of knowledge and practice you can soon learn how to tell exactly which kind of cloud you’re looking at. In this guide, we show you all the steps to becoming a cloud-identifying expert. We’ll go over the ten main types of clouds and give you the info you need to identify each cloud type, including cloud names, their shape, height in the sky, color, and the weather you can expect them to bring. We’ll end with some additional tips for identifying clouds, including easy tricks to differentiate similar-looking cloud types. The 10 Main Types of Clouds How many types of clouds are there? Generally speaking, there are ten main types of clouds you’ll see in the sky, and we discuss each of them below. For each of these different types of clouds, we’ve included a picture of the cloud, a short description, and the following additional information: Height: Where in the sky the cloud typically occurs (low-level, mid-level, or high-level) Color: The color of the cloud Shape: The form the cloud typically takes Weather: The weather the cloud is usually associated with or predicts Altocumulus Image source: Angelo Su/Flickr Height: Mid Color: White Shape: Heap-like and often grouped together Weather: Varies Altocumulus clouds are fairly common clouds that look like round white or gray patches in the sky. They are sometimes grouped in parallel lines and have been described as looking similar to tufts of wool or fish scales. Altostratus Image source: Wonderlane/Flickr (cropped from original) Height: Mid Color: White or light gray Shape: Thick and flat Weather: Usually indicate warmer weather is approaching; can cause light precipitation These clouds form a white or gray layer that blankets the sky at mid-level. There are usually no patches of blue sky when these clouds appear, but the sun is often visible as a dimly lit disk behind the clouds (although no shadows appear on the ground). Cirrocumulus Height: High Color: White or gray Shape: Rows of small patchy clouds Weather: Typically sunny and cold Cirrocumulus clouds are much smaller than most other types of clouds, and they are sometimes called cloudlets. They are found at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals. They often are arranged in parallel rows. They are one of the rarer types of clouds and usually don’t last long. Cirrostratus Image source: aivas14/Flickr Height: High Color: Transparent/white Shape: Wispy, but thicker than cirrus clouds Weather: Varies These are transparent, wispy clouds that cover most or all of the sky. The best identifier for cirrostratus clouds is a halo or ring of light surrounding the sun or moon. Cirrus Height: High Color: White Shape: Wispy or feathery Weather: May mean a warm front is approaching Wispy clouds located high in the atmosphere are likely cirrus clouds. They are thin and white with lots of blue sky visible. They can occur in fair weather or when a warm front or large storm is approaching. Cumulonimbus Height: Low (although can span all layers) Color: Pale to dark gray Shape: Dense and towering Weather: Thunderstorms Cumulonimbus are the classic â€Å"thunderstorm clouds†and are large towering clouds that are often dark in color. Seeing them is a sign that a storm is likely on its way. They can be very large, appearing like a mountain (sometimes with a flat top). Cumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy, tall, often described as looking similar to cauliflower Weather: Typically sunny The stereotypical puffy cloud you probably drew a lot of when you were a kid, cumulus clouds are dense individual clouds that are bright white on top and gray underneath. They typically appear earlier in the day when it’s sunny. Nimbostratus Image source: KNOW MALTA by Peter Grima/Flickr Height: Low Color: Dark gray Shape: Large thick layer Weather: Steady rain or snow Nimbostratus clouds form a thick, dark layer across the sky. They are often thick enough to blot out the sun. Like cumulonimbus clouds, they are associated with heavy precipitation, but, unlike cumulonimbus, you can’t pick out individual nimbostratus clouds. Stratocumulus Height: Low Color: White Shape: Fluffy Weather: Appear before or after a front/when there is weak convection in the atmosphere Stratocumulus clouds are somewhat similar to cumulus clouds but are flatter, thicker, and darker. There is less blue sky between the clouds, and the weather will appear more cloudy than sunny. Stratus Image source: Wikimedia commons Height: Low Color: Gray or white Shape: Featureless flat layer Weather: Gloomy weather, sometimes with light precipitation Similar to fog (but on the horizon instead of on the ground), stratus clouds are a gray featureless layer of clouds that cover all or most of the sky. Tips for Identifying Different Types of Clouds Even meteorologists can sometimes struggle with identifying certain clouds, so it helps to have a few tricks to fall back on. Use the following four tips to help you differentiate the various cloud types and figure out which type is currently in the sky. #1: Figure Out the Shape Typically, the easiest way to tell different types of clouds apart is by looking at their shape There are three main different cloud shapes, and they all look quite different from one another, so identifying the shape will help you narrow down your options easily before moving onto other steps and identifiers to determine which specific cloud type you’re looking at. Below are the three main cloud shapes (along with the cloud names) and the types of clouds that fall under them. Puffy (Cumulo-form) Cumulus Altocumulus Stratocumulus Cumulonimbus Cirrocumulus Thick layer (Strato-form) Stratus Altostratus Nimbostratus Wispy (Cirro-form) Cirrus Cirrostratus #2: Look at Where They Are in the Sky Once you’ve figured out the shape, the next step is to determine where the cloud is in the sky: low, mid, or high-level. This is a bit trickier than just deciding on shape and can take some practice to get good at it, but once you can reliably tell where a cloud is in the sky along with its shape, you often have enough info to correctly identify it. High-Level Cirrus Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus Mid-Level Altostratus Altocumulus Low-Level Stratus Stratocumulus Cumulus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus (although can span all layers) #3: Consider the Weather When you’re trying to identify clouds, don’t just focus on the clouds themselves; remember to look at the rest of the sky. The current or expected weather can help you with cloud identification, since many clouds are associated with a particular type of weather. Sunny Weather Cirrocumulus Cumulus Gloom and/or Steady Precipitation Stratus Nimbostratus Altostratus Storms Cumulonimbus Variable Weather Stratocumulus Cirrus Cirrostratus Altocumulus #4: Know Tricks for Identifying Similar-Looking Clouds Even after you’ve sorted the kinds of clouds you’re looking at into the correct categories based on shape, height in the sky, and accompanying weather, you may still be struggling between a couple different cloud types. And it’s true, there are some cloud types that look very similar to each other. Below are some tips for differentiating between similar-looking cloud pairs. Cirrus vs Cirrostratus Both these cloud types have similar wispy shapes, but cirrostratus clouds cover much more of the sky compared to cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds will have lots of blue sky accompanying them, while for cirrostratus clouds, little or no sky will be visible, and the sun will likely be behind the clouds (typically with a â€Å"halo† around it). Cumulus vs Stratocumulus Both of these clouds have a puffy shape, but stratocumulus clouds have a more flattened, thicker, and darker appearance compared to cumulus clouds, which look more like puffs of cotton. Altocumulus vs Stratocumulus These two kinds of clouds look similar, but they are different sizes. If you hold your hand up to the sky, a stratocumulus cloud will be about the size of your first, while an altocumulus cloud will be closer in size to your thumb. Stratus vs Nimbostratus vs Altostratus These three cloud types can be difficult to tell apart since they all have a similar shape. Below is a unique identifier for each one. Stratus: Cloud type lowest to the ground; just slightly higher than fog. Can cause light precipitation. Nimbostratus: The clichà © â€Å"rain† cloud; dark in color and accompanied by steady precipitation. Altostratus: Less thick and doesn’t produce precipitation. Summary: What Are the Types of Clouds? If can be difficult to keep track of cloud names and the main types of clouds when you’re not sure what you’re looking for. Fortunately, a bit of studying is all that is required to easily identify most clouds. There are ten main types of clouds: Altocumulus Altostratus Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus Cirrus Cumulonimbus Cumulus Nimbostratus Stratocumulus Stratus You can identify these different kinds of clouds in three main ways: Shape Height in sky Accompanying weather There are also various tips you can use to differentiate between two types of clouds that look similar. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you also learning about dynamic equilibrium in your science class? We break this sometimes tricky concept down so it's easy to understand in our complete guide to dynamic equilibrium. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

History of Jazz Fusion. Social Changes and Jazz Fusion Essay

History of Jazz Fusion. Social Changes and Jazz Fusion - Essay Example When looking at the jazz fusions of the 1960s and 1970s, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship to both the expression of artistic advancement as well as the commerce which is associated with this. The combination of both intents by the various artists is one which has created several formulas for jazz fusion and has led to different sounds as well as new commercial opportunities for musicians. The formats and the interest which is surrounding this continues to remain as a main initiative with the idea of jazz and the promotion of specific formulas which can be used for higher interest among individuals who enjoy this particular expression of music. History of Jazz Fusion The propagation of jazz in the 1960s and the 1970s was associated with changes which were occurring in music during the time. Traditionally, jazz was known as an experimental style and was based on improvisation. However, the jazz form was constructed as the foundational movement with the ability to add in extra components to this. The construction of the jazz tradition was based first on the social roots, which was inclusive of innovation and experimentation as the basis of the art. The styles and periods that were before this time began with the blues, which emerged into swing, free jazz and jazz be-bop. Each of these related to finding a diverse way of expression, moving into improvisation that would be accepted and looking at more complex ways of examining style and expression. By looking at these components, there was the ability to create a different understanding and progression of jazz and the meanings which it held in contemporary society (DeVeaux, 1991: pg. 525). The historical aspects of jazz that led to the jazz – fusion of the 1960s was also inclusive of historical associations with popular culture of the time as well as the jazz culture that was well – known. The ideal of innovation, progression and the invention of new sounds was a part of the foundatio nal formula of jazz. However, the 1960s and 1970s began to move into these formulas not only as aspects of experimentation, but also moved into the ability to change the styles according to the sounds that were common during the time. This stayed in line with the jazz tradition and was able to tap into the cultural styles that were beginning to form in the contemporary society, such as rock and roll as well as pop. The concept of American jazz and the several branches which grew from this emerged during this time, specifically in light of the innovation and foundational ideologies of experimentation that were a part of jazz (Peretti, 1997: p. 35). Social Changes and Jazz Fusion Another aspect which was changing the way in which jazz was presented in society was from the cultural and social affiliations with music. During this time frame, jazz was known to be at a crossroads. There were traditions of jazz which were well – known to many; however, these were considered classics and often couldn’t be expressed in the same way. Repeating the same expressions in jazz through the traditional forms and the blues elements became one which didn’t work with the needs for jazz. At the same time, there was an emergence of cultural and social expressions that were based on diversity of thought as well as a changing ethnic identity within the culture. The traditions of music began to form within the culture as the main association of identity and were expanded on to reach specific groups who could best relate to these ideologies. The social movements were then a part of the jazz expressions and fusion that became a part of this time frame (Barkley, 2007: 6). The concept of creating a new sense of identity was one which jazz formed specifically because of social movements and the relationships which could be created. The Civil Rights Movement, aspects of free expression and the liberty to expand on various forms of ideals were the main concepts

Rise of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rise of Capitalism - Essay Example In a capitalist society there is competition in the market. Friedrich (1995) states that competition in the capitalist system is based on the assumptions that there are many buyers and sellers in the market, This assumption means that the existence of many buyers and sellers means that the prices and conditions in the market cannot be controlled by one buyer or seller. The other assumption is that there are zero barriers to entry and exit into an industry by firms, this means that the market supply and demand depends ion the nature of market where if only some firms controlled the market than competition will be limited and prices determined by the firm in the industry. The other assumption is that consumers have knowledge regarding prices in the market. This means that a consumer has information regarding the quality and price of a product and therefore firms will compete in the market to meet consumer price and quality requirements. Therefore the capitalist society is characterised by competition and this competition leads to the proper allocation of resources of production, the other systems have limited competition where in the socialist society no competition is evident because this system is based on equality philosophy. Motivation:The capitalist society through its competitive nature helps in promoting increased production and innovative ideas. The nature of the capitalist society motivates individuals to involve themselves in production activities unlike other forms.... Therefore this system is different from the socialist and feudal systems in that there is private ownership of property. Competition: In a capitalist society there is competition in the market. Friedrich (1995) states that competition in the capitalist system is based on the assumptions that there are many buyers and sellers in the market, This assumption means that the existence of many buyers and sellers means that the prices and conditions in the market cannot be controlled by one buyer or seller. The other assumption is that there are zero barriers to entry and exit into an industry by firms, this means that the market supply and demand depends ion the nature of market where if only some firms controlled the market than competition will be limited and prices determined by the firm in the industry. The other assumption is that consumers have knowledge regarding prices in the market. This means that a consumer has information regarding the quality and price of a product and therefore firms will compete in the market to meet consumer price and quality requirements. Therefore the capitalist society is characterised by competition and this competition leads to the proper allocation of resources of production, the other systems have limited competition where in the socialist society no competition is evident because this system is based on equality philosophy. Motivation: The capitalist society through its competitive nature helps in promoting increased production and innovative ideas. The nature of the capitalist society motivates individuals to involve themselves in production activities unlike other forms of economic organisation. Given that production resources are scarce the individuals in the economy will compete

Answer both parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer both parts - Essay Example is worthwhile to bring in some free press which would completely rely on the happenings in the society rather than some business news and health updates which can be worthless to the American public. According to ( Hegdon 70 ) â€Å"Abusing a human being is not easy to do; consenting to do it is not something that comes naturally†. Now the issue here is not easy to understand .The author is trying to justify the reason for the harassing among criminals in Guantanamo and it is not easy to defy the author. We know that the prisoners in Guantanamo are not innocent people and bringing out the truth from these vicious criminals is not an easy task. The interrogation and abusing is a part of prison life and it is the way to bring justice to the countrymen. It is shocking to know that these prisoners deserve such abuses but this is the only way the truth will come to surface. Human right is not an aspect which is alien to people of the 21st century .We are humans and we do have the right to live on earth like any other person. Human rights have been a controversial issue since man has civilized. Generally speaking, the human rights issue covers many subjects and it is still an evolving phenomenon. Why is human right a crucial subject? It is because human have varied culture, race, sexual orientation and religion and all these factors need to be considered when one talks about human rights issue. The human right law in American and Africa is not same and to understand the differences it is important to understand what it means to be a human. Human rights give freedom to individual as he has free will and with human rights alone can one nurture a democratic nation. (Thesis) a) Human rights mean no discrimination and this means there is freedom for people to live on their planet which they own. Frankly speaking, human beings have free will and he can only conduct his life on earth with ample freedom. Everyone, despite of their color, gender or race has complete right to

Winning a Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Winning a Lottery - Essay Example The article's headline says, "Artist Wins Million." Included a picture of your surrounded by your family and friends. Everyone in the picture was smiling. But, the reality is different. With the help of this letter, I want to tell you some negative effects of sudden wealth. But my message is very clear that sudden wealth can bring nothing but unhappiness. It may directly effect on your personality, relationships, and lifestyle.Winning a lottery will create a sense of isolationism and you will be separated from friends and family. This could happen if the winner like you relocated into a new setting; therefore, it will disconnect you from your friends and family. As, what, I have recently experienced in my life. You could furthermore appeal new family and associates who could be characterized as being 'false' as their concerns are in the cash and not in your friendship. For example, there have been normal situations of distant or estranged relations abruptly and unexpectantly seeming out of the azure when hearing of a family member's latest fortunes. Eventually the one-by-one may not be adept to differentiate their authentic associates from the 'false' ones. They may then isolate themselves from all of them or just accept the realization that some of their associates are only actually involved in what the victor can do for them and not the victor themselves. Drastic change is abnormal and thus the one-by-one may not be adept ... There may furthermore be too much force on the individual. There are family constituents, associates as well as economic advisors, all of who have inconsistent and vying interests. This can lead to stress and tension as well as a lesson dilemma for the one-by-one as a outcome of them having to conclude between who they should hear to and take recommendations from. This could finally manifest itself into a pattern of guilt and hostility in the direction of these persons and loved ones. For this cause, the lottery can conceive an painful position for you and you may not have had to make such significant conclusions and choices. This could conceive an unhealthy and dejected state of brain for you that could finally lead to contradictory tendency. However, I would like to state that it is not triumphant the lottery that directs to persons committing suicide, but diverse socio-economic components and variables that are the genuine determinants of suicide. For example, if or not the one-by-one was struck as a progeny or if he/she came from a lone parent family are significant components that should be taken into account as they play a key function in forming a person's mind. The one-by-one could furthermore have been psychologically unstable in the first place. Therefore suicide can not be verified to be exactly associated to triumphant the lottery as the person's psychological state of brain before triumphant is a key determinant. Conclusion All in all, lottery winning will create troubles in your coming life. And you could be more irresponsible and unnecessary with your money than you must be. In the long run, the amount that you have won could be enormously

Development of My Interest in Business Economics Personal Statement - 2

Development of My Interest in Business Economics - Personal Statement Example Availability of land and water, and the region’s blue mountains and waters identify agricultural opportunities tourist attractions. The locality, however, has been isolated from the rest of the world and this informed and motivated me to improve it. My experience from my community and from cities such as Hong Kong and others around the world has also influenced personal and professional goals and determined my choice for business economics as a major. I lived in Wuyuan for the first ten years of my life and witnessed its economic development, which has been significant. The locality has gradually improved its interaction with the rest of the world. Economic activities have emerged and grown, an occurrence that has informed me on the power of economic reforms. Interaction with economic development in Hong Kong, however, challenged me because of its rapid pace and power. It shocked me and influenced my desire to initiate and influence economic development, first for myself and then in my community. My volunteer work experience also identifies my passion for my community. I have been volunteering in USC Pacific Asia Museum on the second Sunday of each month for the last few years. This has informed me on Asian history that I have also taught children. I am also a member of John Chinese Young Volunteers Association. At Pasadena City College, I am a member of business club, economics club, global club, Helping Hands Club and International Socialist Organization club in which I share my ideas on communal empowerment. As part of my community initiative, I will send some clothing, together with defective ones to needy children in rural China, especially orphans. My entrepreneurial experience and growth are my most important accomplishment. It began as a passion but success followed, and it has shaped my academic and professional goals.

Winning a Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Winning a Lottery - Essay Example The article's headline says, "Artist Wins Million." Included a picture of your surrounded by your family and friends. Everyone in the picture was smiling. But, the reality is different. With the help of this letter, I want to tell you some negative effects of sudden wealth. But my message is very clear that sudden wealth can bring nothing but unhappiness. It may directly effect on your personality, relationships, and lifestyle.Winning a lottery will create a sense of isolationism and you will be separated from friends and family. This could happen if the winner like you relocated into a new setting; therefore, it will disconnect you from your friends and family. As, what, I have recently experienced in my life. You could furthermore appeal new family and associates who could be characterized as being 'false' as their concerns are in the cash and not in your friendship. For example, there have been normal situations of distant or estranged relations abruptly and unexpectantly seeming out of the azure when hearing of a family member's latest fortunes. Eventually the one-by-one may not be adept to differentiate their authentic associates from the 'false' ones. They may then isolate themselves from all of them or just accept the realization that some of their associates are only actually involved in what the victor can do for them and not the victor themselves. Drastic change is abnormal and thus the one-by-one may not be adept ... There may furthermore be too much force on the individual. There are family constituents, associates as well as economic advisors, all of who have inconsistent and vying interests. This can lead to stress and tension as well as a lesson dilemma for the one-by-one as a outcome of them having to conclude between who they should hear to and take recommendations from. This could finally manifest itself into a pattern of guilt and hostility in the direction of these persons and loved ones. For this cause, the lottery can conceive an painful position for you and you may not have had to make such significant conclusions and choices. This could conceive an unhealthy and dejected state of brain for you that could finally lead to contradictory tendency. However, I would like to state that it is not triumphant the lottery that directs to persons committing suicide, but diverse socio-economic components and variables that are the genuine determinants of suicide. For example, if or not the one-by-one was struck as a progeny or if he/she came from a lone parent family are significant components that should be taken into account as they play a key function in forming a person's mind. The one-by-one could furthermore have been psychologically unstable in the first place. Therefore suicide can not be verified to be exactly associated to triumphant the lottery as the person's psychological state of brain before triumphant is a key determinant. Conclusion All in all, lottery winning will create troubles in your coming life. And you could be more irresponsible and unnecessary with your money than you must be. In the long run, the amount that you have won could be enormously

Homicide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homicide - Term Paper Example The discussion that follows will majorly deal with social learning theory, minds designed for murder theory, thrill murder theory and sociological theories including social-demographic theory, subculture violence theory and ‘victomology’. The Social learning theory In his famous publication Professor Bandura,1 has argued that human beings are not born with pre-determined repertoires and predispositions of aggressive behavior. As a matter of fact, most aggressive incidents viz fighting with switchblade knives, martialling with opponents, involvement in military activities, or taking part in vengeful ridicule suffices sophisticated skills that inevitably call for extensive social learning. Ultimately, unlike other basic forms of physical engagement requiring least guidance, victims of this theory, as Bandura observes must be learn them in a way or the other. Further, a progressive argument under this theory has indicated that instead of concentrating much on juvenile aggre ssion as a reason for homicide, a comprehensive analysis must be drafted to entail even the class of individuals who get to be legally trained or professionally acquire skills and knowledge especially those who belong to the category of people whose owe a national duty by providing military service. That being the position, it is therefore difficult to argue that any other skill acquired through social learning is always inclined towards the commitment of a homicide. This is because not the killings done by this class of people are majorly within the ambits permissible by the law. Such circumstances include killings in the course defense on national security, during wars and defense of citizenry property. As such this could be cited as a possible weakness under this theory. Further, this theory presupposes that behavior is reinforced by rewards and punishment and also by observing the behavior of others. Bandura in 1973 argued that people learn particularly from visual images as the just the same way the things happen. Aggressive behavior and violent individual aired through media viz TV can provide a model particularly for young people who try to emulate them. Philip and Hensley in 1984 argued that the number of homicide in the USA significantly increased after a big boxing context which had been viewed through TV. In 1993 two 10 year old boys murdered James Burgler after watching a violent match. Minds designed for murder theory In his famous publication Dr David Buss,2 under the theory of evolutionary psychology has argued that at one point in everyone’s life, there has been a strong and shocking urge to kill. His further pose that murder is our blood and specifically says that homicide is not uncommon pathology or the product of social thrust of culture, destitution or poor parenting but it is an evolutionary adaption that all human beings subject. He further observed that in the appropriate instances all human beings kill, this is by the reason tha t their ancestral fathers also did kill to procure greater chances of reproductive success.3 Ultimately, this is to date inherent in every human being. The component of Buss’ homicidal fantasy also works to suppress the idea that indeed at one moment every human being has killed either physical or by strip of mental fantasy (Buss, 2008). Drug related murder This theory suggests that Neal and Brendan were killed because of some kind of connection to illicit drugs. The theory arises because they

Personal exercise plan swimming Essay Example for Free

Personal exercise plan swimming Essay What I enjoy doing: I enjoy swimming, playing squash, jogging, aerobics and power walking. What activities I already take part in: I play squash two or three times a week, and got to the gym, and in the spring I cycle with my friends. I also have bleep test/ fitness test once every two weeks. By improving my muscle strength and endurance it will mean that I am able to train for longer. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of your heart to deliver oxygen to your muscles over a long period of time. This will build up my heart muscle and allow me to train for longer and cope with the pace of a longer game. By improving my agility it will my ability to perform a series of explosive power movements in a rapid succession in opposing directions. By improving my speed I will be able to get across the court in less time so my opponent has less time to react. Testing my Fitness Level I am going to use specific tests, which are associated with my sport. I will test how fit I am at the beginning of the six week session. I will test my cardiovascular endurance and my muscular endurance. I will use my aerobic system, anaerobic system and my power. All the tests I decide to do at the beginning of the six weeks, I will repeat again at the end of it so I can see how much my fitness level has improved by. Swimming (set 1) is a continuous training session. This program is mainly going to contain aerobic training with some focus on anaerobic training, to help improve sprint starts and finishes in the water, and my overall speed. Swimming (set 2) will include several types of ketchup to improve my technique. In the program I must ensure that I have enough rest periods to prevent build up of lactic acid or injury Each week is going to include one circuit session and a two swimming sessions. The exercises of the circuit will be performed in the same order that they are written down. This way, after working each muscle group it is then rested by working another group. The number of repetitions, not how long it takes to carry out one activity, will perform my circuit. An example of a circuit session would look like this: At the beginning I will complete a small warm up, jogging 15m, and then stretching from the neck working downwards. Station 1: arms raises using dumb bells (3kg). I will repeat this 15 times on each arm, it will strengthen the muscles in my arms making them more powerful, and making me swim faster. Increase by: 5 arm raises each time. Station 2: V sits. 16 times, strengthening my stomach muscles. Increase by: 3 more v-sits each time. Station 3: cycles with ankle weights, and dumb bells in hands. I will do 20 cycles. This will work my quads, abs, arms and hamstring muscles, making them stronger. Increase by: 4 cycles each time. Station 4: running on a crash mat, 50 steps, this will strengthen my quads and my cardiovascular system. Increase by: 5 steps each time. Station 5: the plank. Hold it for 40 seconds, rest for 40 seconds, and then repeat it three times. This will strengthen my stomach muscles. Increase by: repeat it an extra time each time. Station 6: arm circles, 60 times. Will strengthen arm muscles, making my pulls in my strokes stronger, making me go faster. Increased by: 4 arm circles each time. Station 7: lunges with weights (3kg), 20 lunges. Strengthen my legs, enabling my kicks to be more powerful. Increase by: 2 lunges each time. Station 8: medicine ball lifts with arms, 15 times. Strengthen my arm muscles. Increase by: 2 lifts each time. Station 9: skipping: 50 skips, improve my cardiovascular system. Increase by: 5 skips each time. Station 10: step ups, 50 times strengthening the muscles in my legs. Increase by: 3 step ups each time. Station 11: running 15m 6times, strengthening my cardiovascular system Increase by: 1 15m run each time. At the end of my circuit training session, I will stretch all of my muscles to prevent the build up of laic acid. When I do my circuit training sessions I will increase the amount of reps I carry out, the number that I increase them by is underlined at the bottom of each section. I need to increase the number of reps so that my body does not adjust to the exercise I am doing, and it keeps improving, and so my muscles become stronger.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay Strontium ferrite is a ferromagnetic material and reported as having hexagonal magnetoplumbite type (M-type) structure. It is the most widely used permanent magnets throughout the world, which account for about 90wt% of the annual production of permanent magnets. In this study, the strontium ferrite is synthesized using sol-gel methods and the magnetic properties were analyzed. Chapter 1 gave introduction about the structure of M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite. Besides, some general magnetic properties will be discussed. Commercial applications of strontium ferrite would be discussed as well. Chapter 2 is all about the experimental details, including the synthetic techniques used for strontium ferrite, description of instrument used and procedures carried out. Chapter 3 concentrated on the results on magnetic susceptibility of hexagonal strontium ferrite. Comparison between strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite was made. Chapter 4 concluded the whole investigation of this study. Suggestions for future studies were also discussed. Better understanding of the properties and practical applications of strontium ferrite can be achieved through this study. ABSTRACT The properties of magnetoplumbite type (M-type) hexagonal strontium ferrite has been investigated. The attempt of substitution of cobalt(II) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide in order to produce a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-XO where X represents the dopant cation was made. The synthesis is based on sol-gel method where ethylene glycol is the gel precursor. This technique was employed because it was found to be able to produce nanoparticles of cation substituted strontium ferrite. Moreover, sol-gel method can produce high yields of strontium ferrite particles. Overall, the magnetic properties were observed to be change after the cation substitution. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in SrFe12O19 with different ratios were made in this study to investigate the effect of cation substitution in magnetic properties of strontium ferrite. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in strontium ferrite with mole ratio of 0.4 showed the best magnetic properties that we desired for. The mass susceptibility where X = 0.4 was found to be increase sharply compared to the unsubstituted one. Except the cobalt titanium substitution with mole ratio of 0.4, other cation substitution ratios showed decrease in mass susceptibility which is not desirable. Therefore the cobalt-titanium substitution for SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 with X = 0.4 is the best to improve magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for various commercial applications. REVIEW Strontium ferrite has been a subject of continuous interest and intensive study for several decades due to the fact that this compound has been the the most widely used permanent magnets, which account for about 90wt% of the annual production of permanent magnets since shortly after its discovery in the 1950s. Strontium hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, is a ferrimagnet and is also known as ceramic permanent magnet. When compared with alnico-magnets, strontium ferrite has high coercivity, moderate remenance, corrosion resistance and excellent chemical stability [5]. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) is the principal components in SrFe12O19 which gives rise to its magnetic properties. Within the five different crystallographic sites of strontium ferrite, the iron ions are coupled antiferromagnetically. Due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy field in its structure, SrFe12O19 exhibits high saturation magnetization and high coercivity [1]. The high magnetic permeability in strontium ferrite enables i t to store strong magnetic fields, which is stronger than iron. Strontium ferrite is often produced as nanoscale size powder, which can be sintered into solid cores. Strontium ferrite has been used for several important industrial applications, such as permanent magnets, microwave devices and high density perpendicular recording media, with proper doping in order to improve properties of strontium ferrite [1]. SrFe12O19 has also been investigated as a medium for magnetic recording and magneto-optical recording and for long (millimetre)-wave devices [2]. Efforts have made to the development of novel synthetic methods which facilitate the production of fine hexagonal ferrite particles and to possible ways of reducing their high intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The objective in this study was to attempt the synthesis of cation substituted M-type hexagonal ferrite SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 using the sol-gel method. The sol-gel method has been used widely to produce fine particles of a variety of oxides. The effect of doping strontium ferrite with cobalt (II) and titanium (IV) oxides to produce quaternary systems of SrO-Fe2O3-XO, where X represents the dopant cation would be tested. The fine particles of cation substituted ferrite produced by using sol-gel technique is desirable because the grain size of the materials used in magnetic recording is the main factor determining the level of background noise at low density. Magnetic properties of strontium ferrite would be focus in this study. Magnetic susceptibility balance would be used to determine the mass susceptibility for both strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite produced using the sol-gel method. The mass susceptibilities of the samples were compared to determine the optimum amount of cation needed to dope to ferrite to give the best magnetic behaviour. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19 According to crystalline structure, hexaferrite can be classified into four types, these include M, W, Y and Z types hexaferrites which correspond to (SrO + MeO):Fe2O3 ratios of 1:6, 3:8, 4:6 and 5:12 respectively. SrFe12O19 is classified as M-type hexaferrite. The hexagonal SrFe12O19 was first prepared by Adelsk ¨old in 1938 [2]. He also confirmed that the crystal structure of this compound to be iso-structural with the naturally occurring ferrite mineral magnetoplumbite, and therefore it has the M-type structure. Later structural refinements for strontium hexaferrite have confirmed his determination [2]. Strontium ferrite is classified as hexagonal ferrite. It is denoted as having the space group P63/mmc. According to the research made by Kimura et al, the lattice parameters measured are found to be: a = 0.588 36nm and c = 2.303 76nm at room temperature [2]. As shown for M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19 in Fig. 1.1, the crystalline structures of different types of hexaferrites are remarkably complex. The unit cell contains ten oxygen layers. A unit cell is sequentially constructed for four blocks, they are S (spinel), R (hexagonal), S* and R*. The S and R blocks have equivalent atomic arrangements and are rotated around the c-axis at 180 ° with respect to S* and R* blocks. R or R* block consists of three O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  layers while S or S* block contains two O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  layers; with one oxygen site in the middle layer substituted by a Ba2+  ion [16]. The structure of strontium ferrite is similar to that of barium ferrite, by just substituting the barium ion with strontium ion. Fig.  1.1:  Structure of barium hexaferrite Occasionally, a unit cell is comprises of two formula units. The unit cell consists of 64 ions per hexagonal unit cell, which are 2 strontium ions, 38 oxygen ions and 24 ferric ions. The structure of magnetoplumbite are made of a layer of hexagonal close packed arrangement of oxygen and strontium ions, which is sandwiched between two spinal blocks containing a cubic close-packed arrangement of oxygen atoms with iron atoms. The iron atoms are positioned at five interstitial crystallographically different cation sites of the close-packed layers, namely 4f1 (tetrahedral site, A sites), 12k, 4f2, 2a (octahedral sites, B sites) and 2b (trigonal bipyramidal site) [15]. The tetrahedral iron oxide is FeO4, octahedral iron oxide consists of six oxygen ions, which is FeO6, and the formula for trigonal bipyramidal iron oxide is FeO5. A schematic M-type structural representation and the five Fe3+ sites are shown in Fig. 1.2 by Collomb et al. [15]. Figure 1.2: The crystal structure sketch map of the hexagonal M-type phase and the five Fe sites with their surroundings are displayed. The 2b sites only occur in the same layer with strontium ion. 12k site is the octahedral site of S and R blocks. There are two tetrahedral (4f1) sites and one octahedral (2a) site in centre of S block. The two octahedral (4f2) sites are found in the R block, adjacent to the strontium-containing layer. The M-type structure of strontium ferrite gives rise to its magnetic properties. Cation substitution to strontium ferrite may give chances whereby altering the structure and thus influence the magnetic properties. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19 Strontium hexaferrite is a ferrimagnetic material. Since the free electrons in SrFe12O19 are in close proximity and remain aligned even the external magnetic field have been removed, it is able to retain a permanent magnetic field and is recognized as ferrimagnetic material. In 1950s Gorter predicted that the iron ions at the trigonal bipyramidal (2b) and octahedral (2a, 12k) sites have their spin orientation antiparallel to that of the iron ions at the 4f sites [2]. The antiparallel 4f1 and 4f2 and parallel 2a, 12k and 2b sublattices form the ferrimagnetic structure. The magnetic ordering corresponding to the magnetoplumbite structure of hexagonal strontium ferrite is well illustrated in Fig. 1.3. In S block, the majority ÃŽÂ ±-sublattice consists of four octahedral ions and the minority ÃŽÂ ²-sublattice contains two tetrahedral ions whereas R block contributes three octahedral ions and one trigonal ion to the majority sublattice and two octahedral ions to the minority sublattice. Figure 1.3: The schematic structure (left) of the SrFe12O19 with Gorters magnetic ordering (middle) along the c-axis. The large open circles are oxygen ions, the large broken circles are Sr ions; small circles with a cross inside represent Fe ions at 12k, small circles containing a filled circle inside represent Fe ions at 4f2, small unfilled circles represent Fe ions at 4f1, filled small circles represent Fe ions at 2a and small circles with a unfilled circle inside represent Fe ions at 2b. The magnetic structure suggested by Gorter is shown on the right, where the arrows represent the direction of spin polarization. From Fig. 1.3, we can summarizes the sites of Fe(III) ions corresponding to the spin direction, as in Table 1.1. Site Coordination Occupancy Direction of spin polarization 12k Octahedral 12 Up 2a Octahedral 2 Up 2b Trigonal Bypiramidal 2 Up 4f1 Tetrahedral 4 Down 4f2 Octahedral 4 Down Table 1.1: Fe(III) ion sites in M-type hexagonal ferrite Hysteresis Loop The magnetic properties of strontium ferrite can be examined through hysteresis loops. Hysteresis loop can be measured using instruments such as Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and SQUID Magnetometry Measurements. When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the flux density (B) would lags behind the magnetizing force (H) that causes it, and this form hysteresis loop. From a hysteresis loop, we can identify the magnetic properties of the material, they are saturation magnetization, remanence or also known as remnant magnetization, and coercivity. A typical hysteresis loop is well illustrated in Fig. 1.4. Figure 1.4: Typical hysteresis loop (B-H curve) Initially, there is no applied magnetic field and it is known as unmagnetized state. After magnetic field is applied, it causes alignment. Until maximum magnetizing force applied, maximum flux density achieved at the same time and this phenomenon is known as saturation magnetization. At this point, the maximum number of spin has mobilized. Saturation magnetization is defined as the maximum possible magnetisation of a material. It is also a measure of strongest magnetic field a magnet can produce. The unit of saturation magnetization is in amperes per meter. Strontium ferrite is having high saturation magnetization at which it can store high amount of magnetizing force. As the magnetizing force being slowly removed, the alignment stays at the point where H = 0, this is known as remnant magnetization. Remnant magnetization is the magnetization left in a permanent magnet after an external magnetic field is removed. When a magnet is magnetized, it has remanence. It is usually measured in unit Tesla. Strong permanent magnet such as strontium ferrite has high remnant magnetization which means the high amount of magnetic force remains in it even after the magnetizing force is removed. As form Fig. 1.4, negative magnetic field is applied to demagnetize the permanent magnet. When the flux density (B) = 0, there is no magnetizing force remain in the magnet and the negative H needed to demagnetize the magnet is known as coercivity. Negative H is the magnetic field applied in opposite direction. Coercivity is measured in unit amperes per meter. Due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetization along the hexagonal c-axis in the structure, SrFe12O19 has high coercivity. Anisotropy is directional or orientational effects in crystal structure of materials which can provide better magnetic performance along certain preferred axis. Therefore, we need to apply high negative magnetizing force to demagnetize strontium ferrite. Attempts have to be made to lower down the coercivity of strontium ferrite for usage. Units in Magnetism The units used in magnetism can be divided mainly into two categories, SI system and c.g.s system. The conversion table shown in Table 1.2 is to clarify the magnetism formulas in both SI and c.g.s systems and the conversion factors between them. Quantity Symbol SI Unit SI Equation c.g.s Unit c.g.s Equation Conversion Factor Magnetic Induction B tesla (T) B= µo(H+M) gauss (G) B = H+4à Ã¢â€š ¬M 1 T = 104  G Magnetic Field Strength H ampere/meter   (A/m) H = NÃÆ'-I/lc   ( lc magnetic   path, m) oersted (Oe) H = 0.4à Ã¢â€š ¬NÃÆ'-I/lc (lc magnetic   path, cm) 1 A/m =   4 à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-3  Oe Magnetic Flux ÃŽÂ ¦ weber (Wb) ÃŽÂ ¦ = BÃÆ'-Ac (Ac area, m2  ) maxwell (M) ÃŽÂ ¦ = BÃÆ'-Ac (Ac area, cm2  ) 1 Wb = 108  M Magnetization M ampere/meter (A/m) M=m/V (m- total magnetic moment,   V- volume, m3  ) emu/cm3 M=m/V (m- total magnetic moment,   V- volume, cm3  ) 1 A/m = 10-3   emu / cm3 Magnetic Permeability of Vaccum  µo newton/ampere2  µo= 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 1 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 Inductance L henry L=ÃŽÂ ¼oÃŽÂ ¼N2Ac/lc (Ac- area, m2,   lc magnetic path, m) henry L=0.4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼N2Ac/lcÃÆ'-10-8 (Ac-area, cm2,   lc magnetic path, cm) 1 Emf (voltage) V volt V=-NÃÆ'-dÃŽÂ ¦/dt volt V=-10-8NÃÆ'-dÃŽÂ ¦/dt 1 Note: In the above equations, I = current (in amps), N = turns Table 1.2: Magnetism formulas in SI and c.g.s systems and their conversion factors for the magnetic units. 1.4 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF SrFe12O19 According to the study of G. B. Teh et.al [3] on strontium ferrite, strontium ferrite was found to exhibit photoluminescence behavior. When a sample of strontium ferrite is excited at a certain wavelength, highest intensity of photoluminescence emission peaks was obtained. The ability of strontium ferrite to photoluminesce could be due to the oxygen vacancies in their lattice structure. The oxygen vacancies are assumed to cause the particles to exhibit photoluminescence behavior by acting as traps for mobile excitation. The oxygen vacancies have effective +2 charges, making them powerful electron capture centers. Valence electron would gain sufficient energy to jump from the valence band to the conduction band and leaving a gap known as hole during excitation. F-centers, which is the region where contain high amount of electrons would formed when the excited electrons being trapped in oxygen vacancies. These rich electron centers would lead to emission of luminescence when the holes and electrons recombine. 1.5 SYNTHESIS ROUTE OF SrFe12O19 The processing routes used for synthesis of strontium ferrite affect its properties much. Traditionally, this ferrite powder is synthesized by a mixed oxide ceramic method, which involves the solid-state reaction between SrCO3 and Fe2O3 at a high calcination temperature (about 1300 °C). However, uncontrolled particle morphology, larger particle size and agglomerates would be the biggest disadvantages of this technique. Besides, contamination would be introduced to the sample while subsequent milling of the calcined ferrite powder and this would affect the magnetic properties become less desirable. Therefore, the narrowed particle size distribution, refined particle size and minimal particle agglomeration has been the main concern during the synthesis of strontium ferrite. In order to improve the magnetic properties, numerous nonconventional soft synthetic routes have been carried out, including sol-gel synthesis [3], hydrothermal reaction [6], co-precipitation [7], citric acid method [8] and microemulsion processing [10]. In this study, the synthesis of strontium ferrite employed the sol-gel technique. It is a wet chemical route employing ethylene glycol as gel precursor. Sol-gel technique is the technique of using chemical substances which have high solubility in organic solvents to synthesize precursor compounds. The compounds are easily transformed into hydrated oxides on hydrolysis. The metal alkoxides formed can be removed easily using hydrolysis and thermal treatment and therefore results in hydrated oxides which are highly purify. Sol-gel method is used in this study because of its many advantages. Sol-gel technique is able to produce homogeneous nanosized crystallites. This method is tend to give shaped materials directly from a solution without passing through the powder processing and the fact that the annealing temperature is very low compared with other conventional technology. The crystalline size and properties of the ferrite produced are largely affected by calcinations temperature [3]. Sol gel method has the advantage that the crystal growth of particles is easier to control by varying the heat treatment [11]. It was reported that at 500ËÅ ¡C it produced only maghemite, ÃŽÂ ³-Fe2O3. A mixed product of magnetic ÃŽÂ ±-Fe2O3 and M-type SrFe12O19 were obtained at 600ËÅ ¡C. As the calcination temperature increase to 800ËÅ ¡C and above, there are only M-type SrFe12O19 phase was observed. Sol-gel synthesis is able to produce high yields of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. It is also able to prod uce nanocrystallite of cation substituted SrFe12O19. Nanoparticle size of strontium ferrite is desirable and aimed to synthesize because nanoparticles tend to give better magnetic properties. Nanoparticles give few magnetic domains, probably single domain. Single domain tends to give higher magnetic induction because there are no oppose magnetic domain. Single domain aligns in one direction only. These properties are ideal for the making of permanent magnet. 1.6 CATION SUBSTITUTION IN SrFe12O19 In order to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite, many studies have been carried out. One of them is cation substitution in strontium ferrite. Rare earth and other metal cations are used for substitution for strontium and iron respectively [5]. The pair doping of SrFe12O19 such as a La-Co pair to replace a Sr-Fe pair has been tested [14]. The doping, or known as cation substitution, is aim to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite. Cation substitution results in structural changes in strontium ferrite. As the physical properties of ferrite change, the magnetic properties would be affected due to the fact that magnetic properties are determined by the arrangement of iron ions in crystal structure. In this study, Co-Ti pair will be doped to the strontium ferrite. Cobalt titanium substitution will produce a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-AO where A represents the dopant cation.The cobalt titanium substitution gives rise to the new formula, SrCoxTix Fe12-2xO19 where X is the number of mole of cation substituted in. 1.7 Commercial Applications Strontium ferrite is widely used as permanent magnet because it has direction of easy magnetization and the hexagonal c-axis which are perpendicular to the plane of the plate. The properties that are desirable in using as permanent magnet include high saturation magnetization, high remnant magnetization, high coercivity, high Curie temperature and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Besides, SrFe12O19 is also commonly used in high-density data storage magnetic recording media. Nanoparticles of SrFe12O19 with single domain and low coercivity are crucial in used for magnetic recording media. M-type strontium ferrite nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their good frequency characteristic, low noise, high output, in particular, excellent high frequency characteristic and wide dynamic frequency range [4]. There are two types of recording medium, namely particulates and thin films. Tape and floppy is categorized in particulate and hard drive is belongs to thin film. Information is stored by magnetizing material. The recording head can apply magnetic field (H) and align domains to magnetize the medium. It can also detect a change in the magnetization of the medium. Magnetic recording media prefers high saturation magnetization; make it to store as much information. High value of remnant magnetization is required in recording media to make sure that all m aterials stored in the hard disk still remained even the power supply (applied magnetic field) is switched off. Low coercivity is important in magnetic recording media. When the positive magnetic field is applied, this charging manages the medium to store data. On the other hand, negative magnetic field applied to retrieve back the data, this is called discharges. Therefore, less current is needed to retrieve the data in the low coercivity medium. As a result, less heat generated and this saves the electricity. In general, strontium ferrite has high value of uniaxial anisotropy field, high coercive force and high saturation magnetization. The high coercivity of strontium ferrite has to be lowered down and saturation magnetization has to be simultaneously increased if it is to be useful for magnetic recording purposes. It has been reported that the substitution of cations such as Co(II) for the ion Fe(III) in strontium ferrite has lowered the coercive force. Therefore, many studies were carried out to achieve better magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for commercial applications. CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL Sample Preparation Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19 Sample Characterization Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.1.1 Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19 The sol-gel technique was used to synthesize M-type SrFe12O19 whereby the ethylene glycol acts as gel precursor. The starting materials, strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O were used due to their high solubility in ethylene glycol. Calculation below was made to determine the weight of materials needed to be used. Relative Molecular Mass of materials: Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 404 g/mol (Note: All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.) No. of mol of 1 g Sr(NO3)2 = Mass of Sr(NO3)2 RMM of Sr(NO3)2 = 1g 211.63g/mol = 4.725210-3 mol Sr : Fe = 1 : 12 No. of mol of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = 4.725210-3 mol x 12 = 5.670210-2 mol Mass of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = No. of mol of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed x RMM of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 5.670210-2 mol x 404g/mol = 22.9 g From the calculation, 1g of strontium nitrate and 22.9g of iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were needed in the synthesis and were weighted. Strontium nitrate would provided 1 mol of strontium ions and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates would provided 12 mol of iron ions in the synthesis of strontium ferrite, which matched the molecular formula of SrFe12O19. The strontium nitrate and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were readily dissolved in ethylene glycol with slight heat applied due to their high solubility in it. The mixture was heated slightly and stirred with a magnetic bar until the mixture was fully dissolved. The resultant solution is in transparent reddish color. The magnetic stirring bar was removed. The mixture was heated to 100 °C and it would slowly transform into a gel form. The gel was dried with continuous heating at 100 °C for 3 hours. The dried gel was then transferred to a crucible to remove traces of organic precursor. A mixture of metal oxides in dispersed nanoclusters form was obtained. The dried gel was then annealed in a furnace at 800 °C for 3 days with extensive ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day. 2.1.2 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19 Cation substituted strontium ferrite was synthesized by using cobalt(II) ions and titanium(IV) ions to substitute the iron ions in M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite. The substitution of Co(II) and Ti(IV) gives the compound a new molecular formula, which is SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where the x denoted different ratios. In the synthesis of cation substituted SrFe12O19, the ratios of cations used, x, is in between 0.2 to 6.0 (0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 6.0), where x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. The same method described in section 2.1.1 was used for the synthesis, by only adding two new starting materials, which are the cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide to give the Co2+ and Ti4+ cations. Calculation as described below was made to calculate the weight of materials needed respectively. Relative Molecular Mass of materials: Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 404 g/mol Cobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O = 291.04 g/mol Titanium(IV) ethoxide, Ti(CC2H5)4 = 228.11 g/mol (Note: All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.) Example used for the calculation: SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19, x= 0.2 No. of mol of 1 g Ti(CC2H5)4 = Mass of Ti(CC2H5)4 RMM of Ti(CC2H5)4 = 1g 228.11g/mol = 4.383810-3 mol 0.2 mol of Ti needed 1 mol of Sr. 4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 1) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.021919 mol of Sr is needed. Mass of Sr(NO3)2 needed = 0.021919mol x 211.63 g/mol = 4.64 g 0.2 mol of Ti needed 11.6 mol of Fe. 4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 11.6) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.25426 mol of Fe is needed. Mass of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = 0.25426mol x 404g/mol = 103 g Mass of Co(NO3)2.6H2O needed = 4.383810-3 mol x 291.04g/mol = 1.28 g The calculation above were used to calculate the weight of starting materials needed for other cation ratios, x for 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 respectively as well. The weight needed for each material was tabulated in Table 2.1. x Weight of materials needed (g) Sr(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0.2 4.64 103 1.28 0.4 2.32 51.4 1.28 0.6 1.55 31.9 1.28 0.8 1.11 23.0 1.28 1.0 0.93 17.7 1.28 2.0 0.46 7.08 1.28 3.0 0.31 3.54 1.28 4.0 0.23 1.77 1.28 5.0 0.19 0.71 1.28 6.0 0.15 0.00 1.28 Table 2.1: Weight of materials needed for synthesis of Co(II)-Ti(IV) substituted strontium ferrite For the series of different substitution ratios (x), the corresponding strontium nitrate, iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide were weighed and dissolved in 100ml ethylene glycol. The oxides obtained after ignition were then annealed in a furnace at 800 °C for 3 days with extensive ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day. The preparation for strontium ferrite and cation substituted strontium ferrite is shown in Fig. 2.1 in flow chart array. Figure 2.1: Schematic diagram of the procedure for synthesis of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted SrFe12O19. Sample Characterization Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 The magnetic properties of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted strontium ferrite produced by the method described above were examined using the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MARK 1 (MK1) by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The magnetic susceptibility balance apparatus was shown in Fig. 2.2. Figure 2.2: Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was shown in Figure 2.3. Magnetic Susceptibility Balance determines the magnetic properties by placing two couple of moving magnets with the beam in between where the stationary sample is ready to be measured. Basically, the possible deflection in the beam and the movement being made of a particular sample either solid or liquid could be observed in a balanced system which possesses a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the coil within the instrument is conducted with current required in order to make compensation of the magnetic force produced by the sample. Either paramagnetic or diamagnetic could be resolved in a plus or minus relatively on display with the aid of the direction that the beam swifts. Figure 2.3: Basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. Magnetic susceptibility is defined as when the magnetising field is applied to the sample, how much is the ratio of the intensity of magnetism induced by the sample in response to the magnetising field which it is subject. In this experiment, mass susceptibility was the main concern. Mass susceptibility, xg, is defines by the mathematical formula below: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥g= à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v/d Where d = density of substance à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v is the volume susceptibility, calculated by using the formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v = I/

Extinction of Dinosaurs due to Asteroid Impact Essay -- Exploratory Es

Extinction of Dinosaurs due to Asteroid Impact Nobody knows for sure exactly how the dinosaurs became extinct. However scientists have speculated for decades about possible events that caused the dinosaurs to die out. Possibilities range from asteroids, to volcanoes, to climate changes. One of the more popular or well-known extinction theories involves the belief that an asteroid struck the Earth, causing devastating effects, and triggering mass extinctions around the end of the Cretaceous period. The asteroid impact extinction theory began in 1980 with Luis and Walter Alvarez, a father and son team. They theorized that an asteroid struck the Earth at the close of the Cretaceous period, causing devastating effects and mass extinctions (Botzer 2004). Then, in the early 1990s, Alan Hildebrand, an associate professor at the University of Calgary, discovered the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. This crater was 186 miles in diameter and six miles deep, and it was created when an asteroid hit the Earth approximately sixty-five million years ago. This asteroid is said to have strike the Earth with a force of 100 million to 300 million megatons of TNT (Recer 1993). With the discovery of the crater came the theory that this particular asteroid killed the dinosaurs and caused other mass extinctions. It was believed that the impact of the asteroid increased temperatures to above 20,000 degrees, sent massive tidal waves and earthquakes across the Earth, and fill ed the atmosphere with dust and chemicals, which blocked the sun. It was then hypothesized that the blocking of the sun led to drastic climate changes, allowing the Earth to cool, and creating a climate too cold for the warm-blooded dinosaurs (Re... ...me 300,000 years after the impact. We still don’t know for sure what happened to the dinosaurs, and there is a possibility that we never will know. However, several signs indicate that the Chicxulub asteroid probably created conditions that begin the decline of the dinosaurs. This was most likely followed by a second large impact, or several smaller impacts that caused drastic changes in the environment and resulted in the mass extinction. Works Cited Botzer, Angela. â€Å"That Asteroid Didn’t Kill Dinosaurs, Study Says.† National Geographic News. 9 Mar 2004. 31 Mar 2004 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news Keller, Gerta, et al. â€Å"Chicxulub Impact Predates the K-T Boundary Mass Extinction.† PNAS Online. 2 Mar 2004. 5 Apr. 2004 http://www.pnas.org/cgi Recer, Paul. â€Å"Crater Theory: Big Space Rock Did in Dinosaurs.† Times 17 Sep. 1993: National.

Gladwell Power of Context Analysis

Gladwell Power of Context Analysis Common belief in todays society would most likely base an individuals behavior on factors such as genes, upbringing, personal convictions, a persons history, personality, etc. These factors seem like reasonable and logical conclusions, but which is most significant? Is there anything missing? Malcolm Gladwell, a writer for The New Yorker and author of The Tipping Point: How Little Things Make a Big Difference, has a special desire to come up with an answer to this question.In the chapter â€Å"The Power of Context: Bernie Goetz and the Rise and Fall of New York City Crime† Gladwell examines this interesting question and comes up with an answer of his own. According to Gladwell the different conclusions listed above do play a role in determining how one behaves but are not the most significant factors. Gladwell believes that the immediate environment has the most significant influence on ones behavior, also referred to as his Power of Context theory.Although Gladwell understands that this theory might sound a bit crazy to most he stands by his belief by offering different means, both directly and indirectly, to help persuade his readers into accepting this â€Å"radical idea†. Gladwell presents a number of different studies which help substantiate his claim. He begins the chapter by discussing the transformation of the New York City subway system that took place in the late 1980’s. In the years leading into the transformation conditions on the subway were extremely poor with crime rates at a all time high.The Broken Window Theory, based on the same premise as the Power of Context according to Gladwell, was put into effect resulting in a dramatic decrease in the crime rate. Another study, held at Stanford University, examined what causes prisons to be such a nasty place; â€Å"was it because prisons are full of nasty people, or was it because prisons are such nasty environments that they make the people nas ty? † This study concluded that certain situations are powerful enough to â€Å"overwhelm people’s inherent predispositions. In other words, the participant’s surroundings caused what we consider mentally healthy people to crack and break down. In addition to the previous two studies mentioned, Gladwell also cites another study conducted by Princeton University. This study suggested that what you hold in your heart and your thoughts are less important in guiding your behavior than the immediate context; disproving the idea that personal convictions guide the way one behaves. Evidence is effective in Gladwells effort to convince readers that the immediate environment influences behavior significantly, but is not his only means in doing so.In addition to providing evidence to validate his claim, Gladwell also employs the use of rhetorical strategies. Rhetorical strategies are efforts made by an author to help persuade their readers into accepting their main argume nt. Recognizing such strategies is crucial when effectively examining and analyzing texts because it gives readers the power to decide how they choose to respond to an authors (Gladwells) view. Without this valuable knowledge readers are more susceptible of falling victim to this strategy and are more willingly ready to accept his claim.With that being said, it is essential to recognize the rhetorical strategies used by Gladwell to properly examine and evaluate his argument. In an effort to sway reader into accepting his claim Gladwell links his Power of Context Theory with the Broken Windows Theory. Gladwell makes the decision to connect one another when discussing the success of the Broken Window theory in the transformation the New York subway system; asserting that they â€Å"are one and the same. Gladwell understood that he was likely to meet much opposition in respects to his claim, especially from those who do not believe the environment plays a role in determining ones beha vior. A majority of people would concur that other factors play a much more significant role when determining behavior; as he himself even acknowledges his claim to be a â€Å"radical idea. † Such resistance would greatly threaten Gladwells attempt in persuading his readers. Gladwell attempts to undermine opposition by linking his theory to another, one in which has already been proven to be successful.Doing so not only allows Gladwells audience to see his theory applied in real life situations but also helps build credibility to his claim as well. This strategy is quite clever in his attempt to persuade the reader; without doing so his audience would likely still have some doubts regarding his claim and whether or not changing the environment plays a key role in shaping personality. Evaluating this strategy leads to the conclusion that showcasing the relationship between the Broken Window theory and Gladwells claim helps better his chance of persuading his readers.Another pe rsuasive strategy used by Gladwell is citing scientific evidence from different prestigious universities around the country. Gladwell discusses studies including the prison study done at Stanford and the Good Samaritan study done at Princeton as well. Gladwell anticipated that many people would not accept such a â€Å"radical idea† if he was the only one who has working to prove his claim to be true. By citing such universities Gladwell effectively removes the opposition from those who might not believe this is an important topic and would simply ask, â€Å"Who cares? By stating these major universities held studies it helps persuade readers that this topic is not only important in the academic community but to a degree also to be important to our country as a whole. Gladwell understands most of his readers are assumedly intelligent so citing such information might help sway the hesitant into believers. Essentially, Gladwell implies that his claim is one of great importance without coming right out and saying it.Without doing so many people would stick with their convictions and hold the belief that this topic is not one of any importance; leading to a rejection of his claim all together. Finally, another strategy used by Gladwell in his text was acknowledging other factors indeed play a role in influencing ones behavior. Gladwell does so after citing both studies done at the different universities, stating in one instance â€Å"This does not mean that our inner psychological states and personal histories are not important in explaining ones behavior. By acknowledging other factors as playing a role he avoids the resistance of those who believe that those factors are the only factors that influence our behavior. Gladwell refers to his idea as being hard to accept on numerous different occasions throughout his text, leading one to believe he anticipated resistance from those who had trouble accepting his claim about environment playing the biggest role in influencing behavior. This aspect of the text increases reader’s likelihood of accepting Gladwells claim because it shows that he is not rejecting common belief, but adding his take on it.Rejecting a person’s belief will not only anger them but also decrease any chance at getting them to accept your argument. Gladwell understands this fact and hopes to avoid this problem by agreeing with what he assumed his readers would be feeling. If Gladwell decided not to do so I belief he would face a bigger challenge in changing the way people think about behavior and might not have been as successful in his attempt to persuade his readers. As evident throughout this essay, Gladwell offers different means, both direct and indirect, to help persuade readers into accepting his claim.Gladwells direct use of evidence sets a solid foundation on which he can place his argument that the environment significantly influences ones behavior. Providing evidence helps substantiate his arg ument while his use of different rhetorical strategies assists his efforts in persuading his readers to accept it. Identifying such strategies is beneficial because it allows you to make an informed and educated decision on whether or not you agree with Gladwells c