John Forbes Nash, Jr. - 1739 Words

Introduction: John Forbes Nash, Jr. is a famous mathematician who won the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In 1959, while he was teaching at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he displayed some symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia. He suffered from hallucinations and delusions. Once he said that he has encrypted messages from outer space. People thought it was a joke, but they didn t know that he was suffering from Schizophrenia. After his illness, he resigned from MIT and went to Europe. When he came back, he mostly hanged around Princeton campus and wrote about himself in a third person and wrote nonsensical cards to his friends. When his wife knew about his symptoms, she took him to a hospital. He went through†¦show more content†¦Schizophrenic patients are typically unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment (cited in Gulli and R. Rosick, 2014). If there is no intervention, schizo phrenia could lead to withdraw from people. Types: Schizophrenia has four main different types: paranoid subtype, disorganized subtype, catatonic subtype, and undifferentiated subtype. Paranoid subtype is the most common type schizophrenia. It consists of auditory hallucinations and/or prominent delusions about prosecution or conspiracy. Patients with paranoid subtype may live normal with successful management and treatment. Disorganized subtype consists of disorganized thought process. Patients with this subtype may have a difficult time with maintaining daily activities and emotional processes. Also, their communication abilities may be impaired (Bengston, 2009). Catatonic subtype is marked by incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate emotions. Undifferentiated subtype lacks the specific features of paranoid subtype, disorganized subtype, and catatonic subtype (Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, 2014). Causes: Currently, the causes of Schizophrenia are unknown. Research has tried to identify the causes, but no specific cause has been found. Research has revealed that some factors cause Schizophrenia. One of the factors is genetics and environment. Scientists say that

The Crime Control Model - 1564 Words

The crime control model and the due process model are two different, yet similar models that was identified by Herbert Pecker and that are used in the criminal justice process. However, how important are these models in the criminal justice process? And is it necessary for us to have both of these models which to an extent performs similar outcomes. To answer these questions this essay will explaining the meaning of these two models, in addition, it will be looking at the differences that there are between these two models. And as a result, reveal the importance of these two models and whether it is necessary to have both models The term crime control is a method that is used to help tackle crime, in terms of reducing the amount of crime†¦show more content†¦The crime control model can be seen as a good thing, as it main focus is that of eliminating and preventing crime. However this model place much trust in the police, in effect, the police is inclined to remove the bad guys from society. This then leads to police corruption where the police and those that are doing the investigation process manipulate the situation so that the suspected criminal is penalised. Additionally, this model fails to consider suspected offenders as being potentially innocent due to their own informal investigation, consequently they violates individual’s right and in essence fails to work for the greater good of society. Even so, the crime control model is essential as it is through this model that we are able to reach to the due process model. In contrast to the crime control model, the due process model do not believe in the police and other agencies in bringing offenders to justice. The reason is because of the informal setting in which investigation is carried out by investigative and prosecutorial officers, which leads the due process model to reject the crime control model to bringing offenders to justice. They argue that during the criminal justice process mistakes can be made, in addition to corruption and dishonesty taking place. ‘In January 2011 the trials of six environmentalist activistsShow MoreRelatedThe Medical Model, Community Model And The Crime Control Model869 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity corrections is continually changing and has been for the past one hundred years. From the early to mid-twentieth century onward it has used three major models, the medical model, community model, and the crime control model. The major turning point for the American community corrections system that led to corr ections as we know it today was in 1974 when What Works? - Questions and Answers About Prison Reform by Martinson was published. The system changed practically overnight acrossRead MoreCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model903 Words   |  4 Pagesin America has two main models, the crime control model and the due process model. There has been several debates on which model is the most effective in combating crime in America. Crime control model emphasizes on crime reduction by increasing prosecution powers (Hung-En, 2006). On the other hand, the due process model of crime control aims at increasing the people’s rights and liberty and limiting governmental powers. Unlike the due process model, the crime control model believes in with an increaseRead MoreCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model1327 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two models of the criminal process. The two model of the criminal process are the crime control model and the due process model. Both o f these models are bring used in the criminal justice system. The two models give understanding to the values of the criminal law with that in mind these two modes are not absolute. Herbert Packer articulates the values of the criminal justice process between due process which is emphasis on the right of an individual and crime control model sees the regulationRead MoreThe Crime Control Model And The Due Process Model2122 Words   |  9 PagesHerbert Packer, a Stanford University law professor, developed two models of the criminal justice system (CJS) in the United States, the crime control model and the due process model. This has now been implemented and applied to the CJS of England and Wales and there are several examples of due process and crime control measures which this CJS is made up of. The due process model relies on the underlying principle that an individual cannot be deprived of liberty, property, or even life without appropriateRead MoreCrime Control Model And Due Process Model1823 Words   |  8 PagesThe Crime Control Model and the Due Process Model are very important parts of our criminal justice system. Without both of these models in our system it throws things off balance and causes a lot of problems. Over the past many years our Criminal Justice System has changed and with these changes we have found better ways of keeping our system balanced. In order for our system to continue to stay in balance then the Crime Control Model and Due Process Model need to be used together. The Crime ControlRead MoreThe Crime Control Model Of The Ryan Ferguson Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesnever be compromised, within a society that is free of crime. Everyone would be equal and treated fairly. Unfortunately this is not the case, our system was created to serve and to protect the lives and rights of every American. Although, the scary reality is that not everyone’s rights are always protected and some are even wrongfully convicted of crimes he or she is innocent of. This is an unnerving concept that seems like a plot to a popular crime fighting show. Sadly, this possibility was a realityRead MoreCrime Control Model Vs. Due Process Model Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual whom commit crime the crime control model vs. due process model. There has been an ongoing intense debate over which criminal process works best for the United States and its citizens. Should individuals be given the right to be innocent until proven guilty? Or should individuals be pla ced in jail before being convicted of the crime? Should individual’s rights be thrown out as soon as they are assumed guilty of a crime? Or should individuals keep their rights regardless of a crime committed? AnotherRead MoreDue Process Model versus Crime Control Model Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of models that are found in the English criminal justice system. These are the crime control model and the due process model. They vary in their characteristics and are considered to take divergent objectives. Basing on their evident differences, one of them is actually considered being more effective than the other if the new wave and rate of crime being witnessed in the society is anything to go by. This paper therefore seeks to identify some of the differences between these models and pointRead MoreThe Crime Control Model and the due Process Model in The Brothel Boy 576 Words   |  3 Pagesare two main models in the criminal process, the crime control model and the due process model. The crime control model focuses on repression of crime in a speedy and conclusive way. The use of â€Å"presumptions of guilt† speeds the process up because very little evidence is needed against the suspect for them to be considered guilty. In this model, it is believed the laws should be stricter, the police force should be increased, and the sentences should be more intense. The due process model has more stepsRead MoreThe Consensus, Crime Control, and Due Process Models Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of models and theories that often contradict one another. Of these models are the crime control model, the due process, model, the consensus model and the conflict model. In this paper these models are evaluated and defined, as well as each entity in the criminal justice systems role within each model. Policing, corrections and the court system all subscribe to each model in some way and in a hurried manner in cases that dictate such a response. As described by Erik Luna in the Models of Criminal

Puritans and Planters free essay sample

During the late 1600’s two significant gropes of people started showing there self’s, these people where the Puritans and the Planters. The Puritans was a group of English Protestants. Protestantism is one of the three major groupings Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, within Christianity. The Puritans came to the New World on the Mayflower, at a attempting to escape religious persecution. They were simple people who devoted their self’s to God, the Planters on the other hand where much different. The Planters came to the New World for a different reason, to grow crops. They learned to read from the Bible. Church was the most important part of their lives. Planters came to Virginia to grow crops. After discovered how well tobacco grows in Virginia’s climate huge tobacco plantations began to take over small vegetable farms. Slaves were captured in Africa and sold in Virginia to help with the work. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritans and Planters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Virginia, like Massachusetts, was ruled by a governor but Virginia’s governor was appointed by the English King rather than elected. Farming was the most important part of life in Virginia and tobacco became Virginia’s most important crop. Planters found there riches through farming, and started to see the luxuries in life. The Puritans and Planters where every different from each other, but here main difference was the ways of religion. The Puritans would spend between two to four hours in church everyone read the Bible, and those who didnt were thought to worship Satan. The Planters put most of their time in making and growing more and more tobacco in the area. They didn’t spend long hours in a church or reading the Bible they were trying to make more large-scale plantations. Another difference was the way they spent their money. Puritans choice a simpler approach, they wanted everything to be simple and easy. Instead of spending the money on useless, but nice house thing they spend it on their friends and family, and savings. For the Planters leisure was an important aspect of life among the wealthy landowners. Apparel included luxury fabrics and bright colors. Although their differences Puritans did share some common things. Work ethic was one of them, even if they work for different things both groups shows lots of hard work and dedication. Whether it was the Puritans with devotion to God, or Planters with devotion to Farming they both stood tall and strong for their beliefs and work. Another thing is slavery, and owning slaves. The Puritans did agree with slavery, as did the Planters. They saw it as in agreement with the Bible, but slavery in the Massachusetts colonies was regarded as slightly less harsh than the slavery in the southern colonies because the Puritans also believed that it was their responsibility to provide for the slaves well being, both physically and spiritually. Planters own slaves to work long hours on their tobacco plantation.

LLB British Law Criminal Law

Question: Describe about the LLB British Law for criminal law? Answer: Liability for Criminal Damage in the United Kingdom By the term criminal damage we mean the damage caused to any property by an individual. In cases when the damage caused to property is deemed to be criminal, a case is brought against such individual in a criminal court. The legislation applicable in cases of damage to property is the Criminal Damage Act of 1971(referred to as the Act') in the United Kingdom. This is the primary legislation in the United Kingdom dealing with the subject. Earlier the Malicious Damages Act, 1861 was the legislation that dealt with criminal damage to property. Under the Act, criminal damage is said to occur when an individual intentionally damages property belonging to other individuals. Such intentional act is generally not backed by a lawful excuse. In such a case, the individual who engages in the act of damaging property would be held guilty of the offence of criminal damage. Thus, from the above definition we may derive the following elements of the offence of criminal damage; There must have been damage Such damage must have been caused to property The property must belong to other individuals No lawful excuse for the act of damaging property Existence of intention to cause the damage or recklessness as regards the causing of damage Damage No specific definition of damage has been laid down under the Act. The courts determine the existence of damage depending upon the circumstances of each case. However, the courts determine damage by considering the following factors; It is not necessary that damage caused should be permanent. It would result in damage even if paint or mud is smeared on a property. It is not necessary that the damage should be visible. Even if the damage is not visible if the proper running of the property is affected then it would be regarded that the property has been damaged. Recklessness To establish criminal damage, the fact that the defendant acted in a reckless manner has to be proved. The definition of recklessness has been laid down under Section 1 of the Act. As per the provisions of Section 1 of the Act a person is said to be regarded as having acted recklessly as regards; A circumstance, in case, he/ she is well aware of the risk associated A consequence, in case, he/ she is aware of the risk that would occur Additionally, in the given circumstance, it is unreasonable for the person concerned to undertake the risk. The terms recklessness and intention are used interchangeably. Establishing one would suffice. Property The definition of property has been laid down under Section 10 of the Act. Belonging To Other Individual Property said to belong to a person When he/ she has custody or control over the property When he/ she has a right over the property When he/ she has a charge over the property. Without Lawful Excuse Section 5 of the Act lays down a list of lawful excuses that may form a defence in an action for criminal damage to property. If damage does not fall under any of these grounds, it would be considered to be damage under the Act. These include; If the person believes that consent was given by the property owner If the person caused the damage to protect his/ her own property, in case, the said property was in need of protection and the way adopted to protect the property was reasonable. Intention To Endanger Life Under Section 2 of the Act the act of damaging property so as to cause harm to life of another or being reckless as to the fact of endangering the life of another is an offence. Penalty And Sentencing In case, a person is found guilty under the provisions of the Act then; If the damage caused is less than 5,000 the offender would be subjected to a maximum sentence of imprisonment for six months. If the damage is over 5,000 then the offender would be subjected to imprisonment for a maximum period of ten years. Criminal Liability of Rohit In order to determine the criminal liability of Rohit in the instant case we would look into the circumstances of the case in the light of the above legal principles. In the instant case the actions of Rohit; Caused damage to the property of Bloke's Bar The said damage was caused to the property of Bloke's bar, i.e., the property of another individual There was no lawful excuse to Rohit for damaging the property belonging to Bloke's Bar Rohit intended to cause damage to the property In fact, when he was asked to stop, he threatened to damage or destroy all the antique property of the bar. Moreover, his actions do not fall under the provisions of Section 5 of the Act. His action was reckless Thus, we may conclude that Rohit is criminally liable for the damage caused to the property of Bloke's Bar under the provisions of the Act. The sentencing of Rohit would depend upon the estimate of the damage caused. Criminal Liability of Umut Considering the actions of Umut in the light of the aforesaid legal provisions, we may derive the following; Umut put the bar counter on fire, intentionally. The property of Bloke's bar belonged to the employer of Umut, thus, he caused damaged to property belonging to another. There was no lawful excuse for the said action of Umut. His actions do not fall under the provisions of Section 5 of the Act. Thus, we may conclude that Umut has also committed the offence of causing damage to property of other individual under the provisions of the Act. The sentencing of Umut would depend on the estimation of the damage caused as a consequence of his action. Though, it seems that the damage caused would be way above 5,000. References [accessed 29 July 2015]. Baker, D, G Williams, Textbook of criminal law. in , London, Sweet Maxwell, 2012. Dubber, M, T HoÃÅ'ˆrnle, The Oxford handbook of criminal law. in . Duff, A, The boundaries of the criminal law. in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. Duff, A, The constitution of the criminal law. in , Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2013. Hooper, A, D Ormerod, P Murphy, B Leveson, J Phillips, D Atkinson, Blackstone's criminal practice, 2012. in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011. Monaghan, N, Criminal Law Directions. in , Oxford, OUP Oxford, 2012. Ormerod, D, J Smith, B Hogan, D Ormerod, Smith and Hogan's criminal law. in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011. [accessed 29 July 2015]. D Baker G Williams, Textbook of criminal law, in , London, Sweet Maxwell, 2012. M Dubber T HoÃÅ'ˆrnle, The Oxford handbook of criminal law, in . A Duff, The boundaries of the criminal law, in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. A Duff, The constitution of the criminal law, in , Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2013. N Monaghan, Criminal Law Directions, in , Oxford, OUP Oxford, 2012. D Ormerod et al., Smith and Hogan's criminal law, in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011. A Hooper et al., Blackstone's criminal practice, 2012, in , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.

Battered Womens Syndrome Essay Research Paper Battered free essay sample

Battered Womens Syndrome Essay, Research Paper Battered Womens Syndrome # 8211 ; A Survey of Contemporary Theories In 1991, Governor William Weld modified parole ordinances and permitted adult females to seek commuting if they could show grounds bespeaking they suffered from battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome. A short piece subsequently, the Governor, mentioning bridal maltreatment as his drift, released seven adult females convicted of killing their hubbies, and the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enacted Mass. Gen. L. ch. 233? 23E ( 1993 ) , which permits the debut of grounds of maltreatment in condemnable tests. These decisive Acts of the Apostless brought the issue of domestic maltreatment to the public # 8217 ; s attending and left many Massachusetts occupants, attorneies and Judgess fighting to specify battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome. In order to assist these persons define battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome, the beginnings and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended interventions are outlined below. We will write a custom essay sample on Battered Womens Syndrome Essay Research Paper Battered or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I. The Classical Theory of Battered Women # 8217 ; s Syndrome and its Beginnings The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) , known in the mental wellness field as the clinician # 8217 ; s bible, does non acknowledge beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome as a distinguishable mental upset. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the designer of the classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is non an unwellness, but a theory that draws upon the rules of erudite weakness to explicate why some adult females are unable to go forth their maltreaters. Therefore, the classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome theory is best regarded as an outgrowth of the theory of erudite weakness and non a mental unwellness that afflicts abused adult females. The theory of erudite weakness sought to account for the inactive behaviour topics exhibited when placed in an unmanageable environment. In the late 60 # 8217 ; s and early 70 # 8217 ; s, Martin Seligman, a celebrated research worker in the field of psychological science, conducted a series of experiments in which Canis familiariss were placed in one of two types of coops. In the former coop, henceforth referred to as the daze coop, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the full floor seconds subsequently, flooring the Canis familiaris regardless of location. The latter coop, nevertheless, although similar in every other regard to the daze coop, contained a little country where the experimenters could administrate no daze. Seligman observed that while the Canis familiariss in the latter coop learned to run to the nonelectrified country after a series of dazes, the Canis familiariss in the daze coop gave up seeking to get away, even when placed in the latter coop and shown that flight was possible. Seligman theorized that the Canis familiariss # 8217 ; initial experience in the unmanageable daze coop led them to believe that they could non command future events and was responsible for the ascertained breaks in behaviour and acquisition. Therefore, harmonizing to the theory of erudite weakness, a topic placed in an unmanageable environment will go inactive and accept painful stimulations, even though flight is possible and evident. In the late 1970 # 8217 ; s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligman # 8217 ; s research and incorporated it into her ain theory, the beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome, in an effort to explicate why beat-up adult females remain with their maltreaters. Harmonizing to Dr. Walker, battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome contains two distinguishable elements: a rhythm of force and symptoms of erudite weakness. The rhythm of force is composed of three stages: the tenseness edifice stage, active banging stage and unagitated loving respite stage. During the tenseness edifice stage, the victim is subjected to verbal maltreatment and minor banging incidents, such as smacks, Leontocebus oedipuss and psychological maltreatment. In this stage, the adult female tries to lenify her batterer by utilizing techniques that have worked antecedently. Typically, the adult female showers her maltreater with kindness or efforts to avoid him. However, the victim # 8217 ; s efforts to lenify her hitter are frequently bootless and lone work to detain the inevitable ague buffeting incident. The tenseness edifice stage ends and the active banging stage begins when the verbal maltreatment and minor banging evolve into an acute banging incident. A release of the tensenesss built during stage one characterizes the active banging stage, which normally last for a period of two to 24 hours. The force during this stage is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the hazard of the batterer slaying his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a changeless province of fright, and she is unable to command her batterer # 8217 ; s force by using techniques that worked in the tenseness edifice stage. The victim, recognizing her deficiency of control, efforts to extenuate the force by going passive. After the active banging stage comes to a stopping point, the rhythm of force enters the composure loving respite stage or # 8220 ; honeymoon phase. # 8221 ; During this stage, the batterer apologizes for his opprobrious behaviour and promises that it will neer go on once more. The behaviour exhibited by the hitter in the composure loving respite stage closely resembles the behaviour he exhibited when the twosome first met and fell in love. The unagitated loving respite stage is the most psychologically victimising stage because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the maltreatment has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, necessarily, the batterer begins to verbally mistreat his victim and the rhythm of maltreatment begins afresh. Harmonizing to Dr. Walker, Seligman # 8217 ; s theory of erudite weakness explains why adult females stay with their maltreaters and occurs in a victim after the rhythm of force repetitions legion times. As celebrated earlier, Canis familiariss who were placed in an environment where hurting was ineluctable responded by going inactive. Dr. Walker asserts that, in the domestic maltreatment scope, sporadic ferociousness, perceptual experiences of impotence, deficiency of fiscal resources and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to transfuse a feeling of weakness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition adult females into believing that they are powerless to get away by subjecting them to a go oning form of unmanageable force and maltreatment. Dr. Walker, in using the erudite weakness theory to battered adult females, changed society # 8217 ; s perceptual experience of beat-up adult females by chase awaying the myth that battered adult females like maltreatment and offering a logical and rationale account for why most stay with their maltreater. As the classical theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome is based upon the psychological rules of conditioning, experts believe that behavior alteration schemes are best suited for handling adult females enduring from the syndrome. A simple, yet effectual, behavioural scheme consists of two phases. In the initial phase, the beat-up adult female removes herself from the unmanageable or # 8220 ; daze coop # 8221 ; environment and isolates herself from her maltreater. Generally, professionals help the victim flight by utilizing assertiveness preparation, patterning and urging usage of the tribunal system. After the adult female terminates the opprobrious relationship, professionals give the victim backsliding bar preparation to guarantee that subsequent exposure to opprobrious behaviour will non do maladaptive behaviour. Although this scheme is effectual, the theoretical account offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered adult females normally do non actively seek out a id. Therefore, concerned bureaus and persons must be proactive and highly sensitive to the demands and frights of victims. In amount, the classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome is a theory that has its beginnings in the research of Martin Seligman. Women in a domestic maltreatment state of affairs experience a rhythm of force with their maltreater. The rhythm is composed of three stages: the tenseness edifice stage, active banging stage and unagitated loving respite stage. A gradual addition in verbal maltreatment marks the tenseness edifice stage. When this maltreatment culminates into an acute banging episode, the relationship enters the active banging stage. Once the ague buffeting stage terminals, normally within two to 24 hours, the parties enter the composure loving respite stage, in which the batterer expresses compunction and promises to alter. After the rhythm has played out several times, the victim begins to attest symptoms of erudite weakness. Behavioral alteration schemes offer an effectual intervention for beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome. However, Dr. Walker # 821 7 ; s pattern indicates that battered adult females may non seek the aid that they need because of feelings of weakness. II. An Alternate Battered Women # 8217 ; s Syndrome Theory: Battered Women as Survivors. Over the old ages, empirical information has emerged that casts uncertainty on Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s account of why adult females stay with their batterers or, in utmost instances, why they kill their maltreaters. Two research workers, Edward W. Gondolf and Ellen R. Fisher, make mention to voluminous statistics that refute the classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome theory, and suggest Dr. Walker mistakenly attributes a victim # 8217 ; s refusal to go forth her batterer to learned weakness. For case, the two, in dismissing Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s theory, mention a survey conducted by Lee H. Bowker that indicates victims of maltreatment frequently contact other household members for aid as the force escalates over clip. The two besides note that Bowker observed a steady addition in formal help-seeking behaviour as the force increased. In add-on to mentioning empirical informations, Gondolf and Fisher point out that utilizing Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s theory to explicate th e beat-up adult female # 8217 ; s actions in utmost instances creates the ultimate oxymoron: a adult female so incapacitated she kills her batterer. In an attempt to account for the defects of the classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s theory, Gondolf and Fisher offered the markedly different subsister theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome, which consists of four of import elements. The first component of the subsister theory surmises that a form of maltreatment prompts battered adult females to use advanced header schemes and to seek aid, such as blandishing the batterer and turning to their households for aid. When these beginnings of aid turn out uneffective, the beat-up adult female seeks out other beginnings and employs different schemes to decrease the maltreatment. For illustration, the beat-up adult females may avoid her maltreater all together and seek aid from the tribunal system. Therefore, harmonizing to the subsister theory, battered adult females actively seek aid and use header accomplishments throughout the opprobrious relationship. In contrast, the classical theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome positions adult females as going inactive and helpless in the face of repeated maltreatment. The 2nd component of Gondolf and Fisher # 8217 ; s theory postulates that a deficiency of options, know-how and fundss, non learned weakness, instills a feeling of anxiousness in the victim that prevents her from get awaying the maltreater. When a battered adult female seeks outside aid, she is typically confronted with an uneffective bureaucratism, deficient aid beginnings and social indifference. This deficiency of practical options, combined with the victim # 8217 ; s deficiency of fiscal resources, make it likely that a beat-up adult females will remain and seek to alter her batterer, instead than go forth and confront the unknown. The classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome theory differs in that it focuses on the victim # 8217 ; s perceptual experience that flight is impossible, non on the obstructions the victim must get the better of to get away. The 3rd component expands on the first and depict how the victim actively seeks aid from a assortment of formal and informal aid beginnings. For case, an illustration of an informal aid beginning would be a close friend and a formal aid beginning would be a shelter. Gondolf and Fisher maintain that the aid obtained from these beginnings is unequal and piecemeal in nature. Given these insufficiencies, the research workers conclude that the go forthing a batterer is a hard way for a victim to ship upon. The 4th component of the subsister theory hypothesizes that the failure of the aforesaid aid beginnings to step in in a comprehensive and decisive mode permits the rhythm of maltreatment to go on unbridled. Interestingly, Gondolf and Fisher blame the deficiency of effectual aid on a fluctuation of the erudite weakness theory, explicating aid organisations are excessively overwhelmed and limited in their resources to be effectual and hence do non seek every bit difficult as they should to assist victims. Whatever the instance may be, the research workers argue that we can better understand the predicament of the battered adult female by inquiring did she seek aid and what happened when she did, instead than why didn’t she leave. Because the subsister theory of erudite weakness attributes the beat-up adult female # 8217 ; s predicament to ineffective aid beginnings and social indifference, a logical solution would imply increased support for plans in topographic point and educating the populace about the symptoms and effects of domestic force. There are battered adult females # 8217 ; s protagonism plans in topographic point in tribunals located throughout the state. However, unequal support bounds their effectivity. By increasing support, citizens can guarantee that all battered adult females will have the aid that will allow them to get away their batterer. Additionally, if we educate citizens about the harmful effects of domestic maltreatment, the populace will no longer handle victims with indifference. To recap, Edward W. Gondolf and Ellen R. Fisher developed the subsister theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome to explicate why statistics indicate that battered adult females increase their aid seeking behaviour as the force escalates. The theory is composed of four of import elements. The first recognizes that battered adult females actively seek aid throughout their relationship with the maltreater. The 2nd component postulates that a deficiency of options, know-how and fundss creates anxiousness in the victim over go forthing her batterer. The 3rd component describes the inadequate and piecemeal help the victim receives. Finally, the 4th component concludes that the failure of aid beginnings, non learned weakness, histories for why many battered adult females remain with their maltreaters. Under the subsister theory, the best method for assisting beat-up adult females is to increase support for beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s aid plans and bureaus and educate the populace about the harmful effects of domestic maltreatment. III. Battered Women # 8217 ; s Syndrome Equals Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Although the DSM-IV does non acknowledge beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome as a distinguishable mental unwellness or upset, some experts maintain that battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome is merely another name for station traumatic emphasis upset, which the DSM-IV recognizes. The station traumatic emphasis upset theory is besides applied to persons who were neer exposed to domestic maltreatment, and, in the domestic maltreatment scope, does non entirely concentrate on the battered adult female # 8217 ; s perceptual experience of weakness or uneffective aid beginnings to explicate why she stayed with her batterer. Alternatively, the theory focuses on the psychological perturbation an single suffers after exposure to a traumatic event. In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association added the station traumatic emphasis upset categorization to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III, a manual used by mental wellness professionals to name mental unwellness. Although the diagnosing was controversial at the clip, station traumatic emphasis upset has gained broad credence in the mental wellness community and revolutionized the manner professionals regard human reactions to trauma. Prior to the upset # 8217 ; s origin, experts attributed the cause of emotional injury to single failing. However, with the coming of the theory of station traumatic emphasis upset, experts now attribute the etiology of emotional injury to an external stressor, non a failing in the mind of the person. Since 1980, the American Psychiatric Association has revised the standards for naming station traumatic emphasis upset several times. Presently, the diagnostic standards for station traumatic emphasis upset include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom bunchs: intrusive remembrances, avoidant/numbing symptoms and hyper rousing symptoms. Recent information indicate that many persons qualify for a station traumatic emphasis upset under the current diagnostic standards, with prevalence rates running between 5 to 10 % in our society. As noted earlier, in order for a diagnosing of station traumatic emphasis upset to use, the person must hold been exposed to a traumatic event affecting existent or threatened decease or hurt, or a menace to the physical unity of the individual or others. The writers of the early theory of station traumatic emphasis upset considered a traumatic event to be outside the scope of human experience, such events included colza, anguish, war, the Holocaust, the atomic bombardments of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, temblors, hurricanes, vents, aeroplane clangs and car accidents, and did non contemplate using the diagnosing to battered adult females. The American Psychiatric Association loosened the traumatic event standards in the DSM-IV, which replaced the DSM-III and DSM-IIIR. Presently, the traumatic event need merely be markedly straitening to about anyone. Therefore, battered adult females have small problem run intoing the DSM-IV traumatic event diagnostic demand because most people would hap pen the maltreatment battered adult females are subjected to markedly straitening. In add-on to run intoing the traumatic event diagnostic standards, an person must hold symptoms from the intrusive remembrance, avoidant/numbing and hyper rousing classs for a station traumatic emphasis upset diagnosing to use. The intrusive remembrance class consists of symptoms that are distinguishable and easy identifiable. In persons enduring from station traumatic emphasis upset, the traumatic event is a dominant psychological experience that evokes terror, panic, apprehension, heartache or desperation. Often, these feelings are manifested in daytime phantasies, traumatic incubuss and flashbacks. Additionally, stimulations that the single associates with the traumatic event can arouse mental images, emotional responses and psychological reactions associated with the injury. Examples of intrusive remembrance symptoms a beat-up adult female may endure are phantasies of killing her batterer and flashbacks of buffeting incidents. The avoidant/numbing bunch consists of the emotional schemes persons with station traumatic emphasis upset usage to cut down the likeliness that they will either expose themselves to traumatic stimulations, or if exposed, will minimise their psychological response. The DSM-IV divides the schemes into three classs: behavioral, cognitive and emotional. Behavioral schemes include avoiding state of affairss where the stimulation are likely to be encountered. Dissociation and psychogenetic memory loss are cognitive schemes by which persons with station traumatic emphasis upset cut off the witting experience of trauma-based memories and feelings. Last, the person may divide the cognitive facets from the emotional facets of psychological experience and perceive merely the former. This type of psychic blunting serves as an emotional anaesthesia that makes it highly hard for people with station traumatic emphasis upset to take part in meaningful interpersonal relationships. Therefore, a beat- up adult female enduring from station traumatic emphasis upset may avoid her batterer and repress trauma-based feelings and emotions. The hyper rousing class symptoms closely resemble those seen in terror and generalised anxiousness upsets. Although symptoms such as insomnia and crossness are generic anxiousness symptoms, hyper watchfulness and jump are alone to post traumatic emphasis upset. The hyper watchfulness symptom may go so intense in persons enduring from station traumatic emphasis upset that it appears as if they are paranoid. A careful reading of station traumatic emphasis upset symptoms and diagnostic standards indicates that Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s classical theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome is contained within. For case, both theories require that the victim be exposed to a traumatic event. In Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s theory, she describes the traumatic event as a rhythm of force. The station traumatic emphasis upset theory, on the other manus, merely requires that the event be markedly straitening to about everyone. Therefore, the rhythm of force described by Dr. Walker is considered a traumatic stressor for the intents of naming station traumatic emphasis upset. Additionally, like the classical theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome, the theory of station traumatic emphasis upset recognizes that an person may go helpless after exposure to a traumatic event. Although the station traumatic emphasis upset theory seems to integrate Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s theory, it is more inclusive in that it recognizes that different persons may hold different reactions to traumatic events and does non trust to a great extent on the theory of erudite weakness to explicate why beat-up adult females stay with their maltreaters. There are several methods a professional can use to handle persons enduring from station traumatic emphasis upset. The most successful interventions are those that they administer instantly after the traumatic event. Experts normally call this type of intervention critical incident emphasis debriefing. Although this type of intervention is effectual in holding the development of station traumatic emphasis upset, the cyclical nature and gradual escalation of force in domestic maltreatment state of affairss make critical incident emphasis debriefing an improbable therapy for beat-up adult females. The 2nd type of intervention is administered after station traumatic emphasis upset has developed and is less effectual than critical incident emphasis debriefing. This type of intervention may dwell of psychodynamic psychotherapeutics, behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy and group therapy. The most effectual post-manifestation intervention for beat-up adult females is group therapy. In a group therapy session, battered adult females can discourse traumatic memories, station traumatic emphasis upset symptoms and functional shortages with others who have had similar experiences. By discoursing their experiences and symptoms, the adult females form a common bond and release pent-up memories, feelings and emotions. To sum up, many experts regard battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome as a subcategory of station traumatic emphasis upset. The diagnostic standards for station traumatic emphasis upset include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom bunchs: intrusive remembrances, avoidant/numbing symptoms and hyper rousing symptoms. After exposure to a traumatic event, defined by the DSM-IV as one that is markedly straitening to about everyone, an single agony from station traumatic emphasis upset may endure intrusive remembrances, which consist of daytime phantasies, traumatic incubuss and flashbacks. The person may besides seek to avoid stimulation that remind him/her of the traumatic event and/or develop symptoms associated with generic anxiousness upsets. Critical incident emphasis debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapeutics, behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy and group therapy are all recognized as effectual interventions for station traumatic emphasis upset. IV. Decision Although there are many different theories of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome, most are all fluctuations or loanblends of the three chief theories outlined supra. A sound apprehension of Dr. Walker # 8217 ; s classical battered adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome theory, Gondolf and Fisher # 8217 ; s survivor theory of beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s syndrome and the station traumatic emphasis upset theory, will allow the reader to place the beginnings and indispensable elements of these assorted loanblends and supply them with a better apprehension of the predicament of the beat-up adult female. Given the prevalence of domestic maltreatment in our society, it is of import to recognize that the beat-up adult female does non similar maltreatment or is responsible for her victimization. The three theories discussed above all offer rationale accounts for why a beat-up adult females frequently stays with her maltreater and research the psychological injury caused by maltrea tment while dismissing the popular perceptual experience that battered adult females must bask the maltreatment.

How is Juliet presented to the audience at the beginning of the play Essays

How is Juliet presented to the audience at the beginning of the play Essays How is Juliet presented to the audience at the beginning of the play Essay How is Juliet presented to the audience at the beginning of the play Essay Romeo and Juliet are clearly famous literature characters with definite labels and expectations of both of them. Before reading the play, a clear expectation of Juliets character is respected and holds powerful position in society due to the status of her family. Furthermore I expected Juliet to be a self-conscious character, with a constant worry over her appearance to others. However this is not the case. Juliet acts differently to her expectations to the audience.Juliet first appears in Act 1 Scene 3 when she is called upon by Lady Capulet, her first appearance to the audience is as though she is acting as a servant for Lady Capulet. Madam, I am here. What is your will? Surprisingly she shows a sense of loyalty towards her mother, furthermore she appears to commonly act as a servant for her mother by the language she uses when talking to her.My thoughts of a mother and daughter relationship would definitely not involve a servant act, played by the daughter. This is surprising as my main expectation of Juliet was as a respected individual. Being called upon by Lady Capulet suggests to the audience, that perhaps Juliet has little importance in the play. In addition to this, Juliet is a young girl in a difficult social position. Her behaviour throughout the play reflects that.A clear lack of closeness can be seen between Lady Capulet and Juliet at the start of Act 1 Scene 3, Nurse where is my daughter? Lady Capulet gives off an impression that she is un-aware of Juliets actions. She also seems un-comfortable and shows an awkward tone during the presence of Juliet. It seems she isnt quite sure what her role as a mother really is. Nurse, give leave awhile: We must talk in secret. Nurse, come back again. Lady Capulet shows an insecure relationship with Juliet here, perhaps she has always had guidance of the Nurse. A mother daughter relationship should include openness, however Lady Capulet cannot be open with Juliet, the Nurse is used as a kind of surrogate.Unlike Lady Capulet, the Nurse seems to be able to interact with Juliet. The two seem to be able to relate and a clear relationship can be seen by the audience. Go girl, seek happy nights to happy days. The Nurse wants Juliet to be happy and shows affection towards Juliet. Perhaps this is because she feels it is her duty because she is close to Juliet. In addition she might feel sorry for Juliet because she doesnt seem to receive any support or real emotion from Lady Capulet. The Nurse seems to understand Juliet; she seems to know what is best for her. Maybe Lady Capulet uses the Nurse to guide Juliet because she thinks the Nurse is better at it.A main expectation I had of Juliet would definitely give her a manipulative and commanding personality. Interestingly she does not give off a commanding side to the audience. Despite this she does give off a stronger appearance than Romeo. During her first meeting with Romeo, she is the character in the stronger position. A clear anticipation of Romeo before the play is a strong, hero type character. Surprisingly he seems a little weaker and sensitive than expected.During the scene where he is wandering from the rest of the Montagues, he shows a more affectionate side than the rest of the Montagues and appears to be different. A major similarity that can be seen between Romeo and Juliet is that they both appear to be detached from the rest. Juliet is introduced off-stage, Romeo is moping about a lost love. They seem to be slightly individual to everyone else and this gives them a more personal appearance to the audience. They have a different character and are not just average.Interestingly a connection can be seen between Romeo and Juliet immediately at their meeting. A spark can be seen between the two characters. Going against my expectation of Romeos strong character, we find him chasing Juliet and immediately showing affection towards her. Surprisingly not for the first time Romeo finds himself i n a weak position, within the Capulet party.Juliet expresses a different side during the presence of Romeo. Between them they find themselves almost rebelling against their expectations. Juliet is supposed to be marrying Paris however finds herself falling in love with Romeo. She shows signs of strength and wants to do what she wants to do. Romeo seems to launch straight into his love for Juliet. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight, for I neer saw true beauty till this night. Romeo shows signs of his affection and sensitivity here and that he is not such a strong character he could be expected to be. A question can be asked that can Romeo really fall in love straight away. Perhaps he doesnt know what love really means.Unlike Romeo, Juliet doesnt launch straight into her love for Romeo. She is playing a more hard to get role and this is shown in the famous Shakespeare balcony scene. For the second time in the play Romeo finds himself in a weaker position. Juliet has a high er stance and her strong role is represented by her introduction to the scene in a position up high in the balcony. It is as if she is looking down upon Romeo. This furthermore suggests Juliet has more importance than Romeo. In this scene Romeo again launches straight in to telling Juliet how he feels.He shows a little too much emotion and this suggests he is slightly weaker and sensitive. With loves light wings did I oerperch these walls, for stony limits cannot hold love out Juliet simply replies with If they do see thee they will murder thee. We are now aware that Juliet is thinking more of the well being of Romeo and the consequences of his actions. She is also scared that Romeo will be caught and would rather him be safe than them share their love. This also shows she is less sensitive, rather more sensible than Romeo. She is showing her intelligent side, which the audience only clearly sees during the presence of her Romeo.Juliet is clearly thinking more realistically than Rom eo. She is telling him to think more seriously about his love for her. It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, too like the lightening. Romeo keeps coming out with soppy lines trying to impress Juliet and she is telling him to be serious and realistic. This suggests that Juliet thinks more clearly and intelligently, unlike Romeo who tries to impress Juliet. Juliet boldly states that she is worth more than other girls and Romeo will have to do more than come out with soppy weak comments trying to impress her. At this point Juliet shows her stronger side we only seem to see her express during the presence of Romeo. Our opinions then change from the servant like girl we are first introduced too and are expectations begin to get met.

Entrepreneurialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurialism - Essay Example Once one ventures on the entrepreneurial journey and the way to self-actualization, he will come across resources and people to make clear the way. Lastly, to develop into an entrepreneur is to achieve self-assurance, which emerges as a normal consequence of the process (Johnson, 2007). Characteristics of a wholesome entrepreneur are: they get things completed faster, have confidence, effective management of funds, they get used to changes and, finally, they are connected. I would make an effective entrepreneur since being an entrepreneur is like a rubber band where ones limits are stretched to unimaginable extends and one adapts to these changes. My business entails offering 3D rendering and online gaming services to people. When a designer has completed his concept in Computer Aided Design software, sometimes the computers are slow and it takes days for one to render the result. I will have very advanced and powerful computers where people will come to render their works and even play games online. I will finance my venture through bootstrapping which means employing any accessible possessions to assist in growing the business. Raising money from my friends and relatives would boost my venture. I would not mind applying for Small Business Innovation Research Grants (SBIR) given to technology businesses. Finally, I will approach customers who might be willing to support my business if I tailor my services for

Plagerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plagerism - Essay Example Since this sentence is not a direct quote, it would need to read as follows: But it is hard to know if a conflict of interest between doctors, researchers, and the drug company stockholders has tainted the results (Crossen, 1994). Although this next sentence is cited, it is cited incorrectly and, therefore, can be considered plagiarizing. The sentence â€Å"Yet the resulting information can be warped for five reasons: ending a study too soon, not publishing negative results, publishing results too early, skimming over or ignoring drawbacks, and â€Å"buffing† the results by showing them in the best light (Crossen, 1994, p. 167)† is cited incorrectly because much of the verbiage is copied exactly from the Crossen passage and should be in quotation marks in addition to the citation. A better phrasing would be: The data gathered can be skewed due to the premature end of a study, disregarding disadvantages, presenting results prematurely, excluding undesirable results, and misrepresenting findings (Crossen, 1994). Recognizing plagiarism is the key to avoiding it. Plagiarism means knowing when and how to cite information from an outside source. References Crossen, C. (1994). Tainted: The manipulation of fact in America.

Work based experience Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work based experience - Coursework Example that the former students should be patient and wait for the jobs they were trained but this is not an option because of the student loans among other obligations that the graduates have to fulfill. A Work based program is the best option that a student or a graduate can undertake because it will help transition the student from the school environment to the job market. This program is meant to provide a first-hand experience of the nature of work that the student has been trained for while also benefiting the employer in terms of the new ideas that the student brings to the organization. This paper seeks to research and evaluate the suitable organizations that a student can undertake his or her work based program to help in the transition to the job market. Caution must be exercised when looking for an organization to undertake a work based experience program. Studies have shown that money should not be a factor when choosing an organization to undertake a work based experience program. This is because, positions that seem high paying seem to pale faster compared to positions that pay moderately. As one is seeking for on an opportunity to learn, one should only consider organizations that intend to expand in near future as this will increase their chance in getting employed on a permanent basis after graduating. While its normal for students to find themselves in a position they are to undertake some menial tasking like filling forms or compiling expense reports, students should avoid organization where most of the tasks given involve are menial and instead, they should seek experience elsewhere. Students should also avoid taking any positions just because of the enticing titles. They should take initiative to learn the roles involved in the position (Burnsed 2011); hence, they will understand what is expected of them should they choose to accept the position. Doing so will also help them assess the relevance of the position in relation with skills and the

Factors that Influence Fear of Crime

Factors that Influence Fear of Crime Introduction Today, fear of crime has become a very prevalent and burning issue in the society. There are many people today who express their fear and anxiety over crime and, their concern for being victimized. There are certain factors that shape the level of fear of crime and being victimized of the people. It includes gender; age; any past experience related to crime that an individual can have which could have happened where one lives; ethnicity, etc. There are different ways in which people react to crime. These ways include protecting themselves, avoiding crime, and trying to prevent victimization by not holding anything for which they could be victimized (Will and McGrath 1995). The media also plays a vital and critical role in shaping the amount that people hold of fear of crime. This is due to the reason that media cover crime stories in a very extensive as well as disproportionate way. Although not everyone is a victim of crime but criminal acts touch everyones life (Gray et al 2008). Gender is a significant factor in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. It is a known fact that women fear crime more than men. The amount of fear also varies with the age of the individuals, location, social context, TV viewing habits, neighbourhood structure of the individual, and ethnicity. The research problem for the study is to understand the influential factors that shape the view that individuals hold of fear of crime including protection and precaution methods. The research also sheds light on the difference in perception of men and women regarding the fear of crime and what influences that difference. Significance of the research Fear of crime has a huge and profound impact on any society. The choice of people regarding where to live, socialize and shop depends on their relative perceptions of the safety of their neighbourhood, towns and cities. There are different scenarios related to crime against the person of which people are fearful of. The most fearful scenarios differ for men and women. Women are more fearful of crime and being victimized rather than man (Jackson 2006). The research identifies the role of social construction that influences the perception of men and women regarding the fear of crime. Fear of crime can be a result of the latent influences and perception of the individual that he forms of the surrounding environment. The research is significant in terms of these perceptions and factors that influence people, both male and female regarding their personal safety and fear of being a victim of the crime. The research will help in gaining a deep knowledge and understanding of these influentia l factors for fear of crime, and differences in fearing crime by men and women. Research Questions The research questions for the research study are as follows: What different influential factors shape the perception of fear of crime and being victimized of both male and female? Do the social construction surrounding men and women impact their perception and degree of fear of crime? What are the measures used for avoiding or preventing of crime and being a victim and difference in these measures for men and women? Pertaining to the above mentioned research questions, the objectives of the research are framed as follows: To identify different influential factors shaping the perception of fear of crime among men and women. To understand the social construction around men and women, and its impact on their perception of fear of crime. To identify the precautionary measures taken by people for preventing or avoiding crime and difference in these measures for men and women. Review of the past research Fear can be defined as the term that involves a variety and a mix of confused feelings, estimations of risks, perspectives, and thus have different meanings and applications for different people. Crime is a natural phenomenon in the society and the latter cannot be freed from it fully at any time. Fear is a natural response from society and people towards crime. Wynne (2008) mentions the increasing importance and concern for fear of crime in past few decades among criminologists, media, policy makers and general public. There is parallel growth in sensitivity for being a victim of crime and fear of being a victim of crime. Influential factors in fear of crime Scott (2003) mentions that crimes that have an immediate effect on people living in society, such as burglary, robbery, etc. creates a higher degree of fear among individuals rather than the crimes done on a larger scale and on long-term basis. There is no universal definition for fear of crime. It can be defined in various ways, such as a sense of personal security in the society or the community, an emotional response to possible crime that could be violent or any physical harm. Doran and Burgess (2011) argue that constraining daily activity patterns by people due to fear of crime highly influences quality of life. All those affected by fear of crime have the chances of succumbing to the exclusion or social isolation. There is a consistent finding for the relationship between fear of crime and gender. Women are more likely to suffer from fear of crime in comparison to men. There is different meaning of fear of crime for men and women. Men are most likely to be fearful of assaults; women have the highest fear of crime about sexually motivated harm or attack. Shadow of sexual assault is a concept that explains the fear of crime of females. Undoubtedly, women are most concerned about rape and sexual assault, but according to Ferraro (1995), women are fearful of other offences that could occur as a consequence. For instance, women are more fearful about burglary into their home than men; the reason being the probability of occurrence of a sexual attack (Wynne 2008). Furthermore, Gabrosky (2008) claim that rape is considered as a high profile attack that attracts extensive media coverage. This can have a shadowing effect on the perception of women for other kinds of crime against the person. The author led to the conclusion that in order to reduce the fear of crime among women, there must be reduction of fear of being raped. Another influential factor for the fear of crime among individuals is age. There are contradictory findings for the relationship between fear and age. Moore and Shepherd (2007) argue that while previous studies showed elderly people as the most fearful people in the society, recent studies are reporting the opposite of the earlier findings. This shows contradictory findings for the relationship between fear and age. Scott (2003) mentions that older women are less fearful than the younger women for sexual attacks. Moreover, since old people avoid going outside more at night, they are less exposed to fear of crime than their younger counterparts as the young generation spend more time out of their house, and thus are more fearful of assaults. However, elder people are most afraid for mugging and breaking into the house. Physical and social limitations of elderly make them feel vulnerable to the crime. Being a victim of burglary or robbery creates a high level of fear among people of all age (Farrall 2008). Wynne (2008) states that perceived risk of fear of crime has also a relation to the neighbourhood incivilities. Drunken behaviour and alcohol consumption publicly adversely affect the inhabitants of the place. Individuals leaving in an area of neighbourhood incivilities have more constrained daily life activities and behaviour. There is reduced natural surveillance in these areas which increase the level of fear among people and make them adopt constrained life behaviour. Zebrowski (2007) argues that there is also a significant relationship between fear and risk. If an individual thinks of anything that can expose him to the chance of being a victim of a crime, then the perceived risk is high. The chances of being a victim and the assessment of the crime rates in a particular situation and at a particular place evokes fear and perceived risk of being a victim of crime against the person. However, risk is not objective and is shaped by the social and cultural influences. Farrall (2008) sheds light on the role of media, interpersonal communications and knowing a victim in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. There is significant effect of hearing stories from people regarding events of crime, media coverage and personal knowing of victims in raising the level of fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization. This leads to an increase in anxiety and the fear of crime. The indirect experience rather than the direct experience plays a more critical role in increasing worries and anxieties about victimization, and fear of crime because media as well as interpersonal communications are obvious resources of getting access to second hand information about the crime. Gender differences in fear of crime Kinsella (2011) states that the patriarchal ideology and the subordination of women are the factors that contributes to the high degree of fear of crime among women. Characteristics, such as independence, autonomy, etc. are considered as inappropriate for women and in the eventuality of a women becoming a victim of crime, these ideas are further mobilized. The above-mentioned characteristics also frame the socialization process for women and the fear of crime among women is related ideologically to the characteristics of feminism that they are being taught in the society. However, Fetchenhauer and Buunk (2005) have stated in their study that women have a higher degree of fear of crime than men, while the rate of victimization among women is less in comparison to their fear of crime against the person. Females are more fearful of every event ranging from burglary, rape, sexual assault, mugging in the street to any kind of physical injury. These gender differences can be attributed to the sexual selection which favours status and risk-taking fights among men, and protection and caution among women. The power control theory assumes that the men are educated to be risk-taking and fearless, while women are educated to be risk-avoiding and fearful. However, the more level of fear of crime in females cannot be attributed to the social stereotypes of male and female. It is the sexual selection of characteristics that leads to the gender differences in fear of crime. Research Methodology Research methodology is an important part of the research report as it gives the explanation of the methods used for the collection of data and the logic behind these methods. Following sections determine the research methodology for the study. Research Approach Deductive research approach is selected for the research study so as to accumulate large volume of qualitative data in respect of the perception of fear of crime among men and women and influential factors that shape the level of fear of crime among individuals. Deductive research approach is helpful in collection of more specific data about the research objectives. It is also helpful in coming to the specific outcomes from generalized results (Crowther and Lancaster 2008). Research Design It assists in identification of appropriate set of research methods that meet the identified research approach well (Creswell 2003). It signifies the base of the research methods used for collection of information related to the topic of the research. It refers to the overall strategy which is chosen to conduct the research and integrate different components of the study. It acts as the blueprint for the research study collecting, measuring and analysing the data. In order to make a comprehensive research, primary and secondary data from the identified and selected resources is taken into consideration. Exploratory research design is the design type selected for the study as it explores the influential factors and social construction behind the fear of crime among individuals. It leads to obtaining background information on the research topic and explain the existing concepts. Research methods Research methods help in collection of relevant data for the study. Both primary and secondary research methods are used for the research study. Primary research method includes semi-structured interviews of sample. In semi-structured interviews, respondents are given the chance to feel free about what is important to her rather than what is important to the interviewer. The interviewer also remains flexible and adaptable to the situations in which he is interviewing the sample (Bryman and Bell 2007). The secondary research method selected for the research study is review of the past research. The data is collected from authentic and reliable sources from internet including journal articles, books and other authentic sources over internet (Cooper 1998). Sample selection Appropriate sampling is essential for organizing the collection of data in an effective way. It has to be based on unbiased approach so as to justify the approach for data collection and improving the reliability and validity of the collected data for reaching final results (Denzin and Lincoln 2000). Interview Respondents: A convenience sample was adopted for the research study, consisting of 3 men and 3 women for analyzing the influential factors in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. Six persons residing in the capital city of Australia were invited to participate in the study. The researcher chose to utilise a sample from a singular geographical location so as to reduce the potential for a skew in reporting on the fear of crime due to divergent crime statistics and experiences in different geographic locations. The interviews were conducted via telephone, using a semi structured interview technique (Fink 2005). Another semi-structured interview was conducted with 3 men and 3 women face-to-face from same geographic location of Australian capital city for identifying the differences in perception of fear of crime among men and women and gender differences in concern. Data Analysis Approach The data collected from the semi-structured interviews is analysed qualitatively by recording the interview and transcribing the data into transcripts so as to analyse the data and arrive at findings of the research (Jackson 2008). Analysis of the collected data is done by explaining the findings and factors theoretically with the help of use of transcripts of both the interviews. Reliability and validity of the data In order to make the research reliable and valid, voluntary consent was obtained from respondents so that they can actively get involved in the research process. The personal information of the respondents is kept confidential other than gender and age as these are crucial for finding and analysis of the collected primary data. The credibility of the analysis is maintained by recording the data while interviewing the participants and maintaining the confidentiality of the participants without including personal bias in the analysis section of the research study (Bergh and Ketchen 2009). Findings and analysis The findings are analyzed with the help of use of transcripts and coded data so as to attain the objectives of the research in light of the research problem and questions, and enabling the researcher to get an idea about the influential factors in fear of crime and gender differences in perception of crime against the person. Analysis of the interview questionnaire In regards to the question regarding currently adopted measures for making the house and oneself secure, most of the respondents used deadlocks for doors and kept windows and doors locked when they are out of the house. Those having kids are more concerned about the security of their kids. Use of alarm and living in a good neighbourhood preferably an apartment are other methods used by them to make them secure. As one respondent said, I live in an apartment block and deliberately chose one where you have to get buzzed in through an intercom system. I think that living in an apartment with neighbours around means that if something happens to me people will be around to help, it is obvious fact that neighbourhood provides natural surveillance. Similarly other response, I live in a secure apartment complex. I chose this complex because it has secure car parking. It also has a security system that stops people getting into the common areas indicates the same influential factor of good ne ighbourhood and natural surveillance. Fear of particular crimes All the female participants had the highest fear of being raped and sexual assault followed by home invasion which is again an outcome of being vulnerable to any kind of physical injury or assault by the invader. As said by one female respondent, I would be scared if someone broke into my house, because you never know what they are going to do to you if they are confronted. You are so vulnerable in your own home in that situation, shows sexual assault is most fearful scenario for women. For men, home invasion and mugged in the street are particular crimes they have fear of. In home invasion too, the fear of rape of daughter or wife is high rather than stealing of things or valuables as is evident from this response, I am worried about my wife and kids being attacked and raped. Age and fear of crime It can be analyzed from responses that there is a relationship between age and fear of crime and fear of type of crime varies with age, especially women. Young women are fearful of sexual assaults while elder individuals both male and female are worried and anxious over someone breaking into the house and being mugged in the street. As said by one old-age respondent, We are seen as easy targets for young people. What also surprises me is the willingness of young people to use violence and weapons in crimes, it can be analyzed that age-old people are fearful of crime because of their social and physical limitations. I dont worry that much about it happening to me but I really worry about the kids- this particular response by a middle-age women also shows they become less fearful of sexual assaults but have other worries for being a victim of the crime. Middle age individuals also worry about their growing age and, thus growing vulnerability of being a victim of crime as can be observe d from this specific response: They like to target all old people but they do horrible things to older women. Role of media in perceived risk of being a victim All the respondents said that the stories they hear of the crime, media coverage and knowing the victim personally have influence their thinking of likelihood of being a victim of crime. Specific responses, such as, I read the news on line and watch the TV, so I am pretty conscious of what is happening with people being attacked in the city, my girlfriend getting attacked really scared me, I am pretty involved with my kids school, so I hear a lot of stories through there, Im scared of all this because the world is just so crazy these days and so much bad stuff happens and I hear about it all the time, throws light on indirect experiences as a major factor in influencing the fear of crime of individuals. Relationship of neighbourhood and fear of crime Most of the respondents were in agreement that a good neighbourhood provides natural surveillance and they are comparatively less worried due to living in a good area. One of the respondents gave specific answer: Say if you lived in a neighbourhood where crime is off the chain then yeah, you would be scared of it whether you were a man or woman. But like me, I live in a pretty chilled area where not much bad stuff happens. It can be analyzed that living in a good neighbourhood lessens the fear of crime in both men and women. Likewise, a bad neighbourhood increases fear and anxiety as mentioned by one of the female respondents, When I take my dog for a walk around the neighbourhood, I often see youths hanging around in groups drinking and smoking and get quite scared that they might try and mug me. Gender differences In regards to the query whether women are more fearful than men, all three female respondents agreed that women are more fearful; the reason is social construction, more expression of feelings and concern by women, and physical limitations. Male respondents also agreed to the point which shows that females are more worrisome than males. For the question of impact of stereotype of women being weak on fear of crime, all female respondents agreed that it is a fact and it has an impact on their level of fear of crime. One male respondent was neutral and said that anybody could defence in that situation, while two of them said that men can face the situation more bravely. It can be inferred from the responses that social construction and stereotype of women being physically weak contributes significantly in framing the level of fear of crime. For the question of likelihood of being a victim of crime, both male and female respondents said that they do not continuously think of being a victim, but females showed concern for being more careful and cautious when going out alone in night as can be observed from the following responses: I dont think it is that likely. I am quick to add that I dont think it is likely if I avoid places and things that increase my risk of being a victim, said by a male respondent, My work requires me to work long hours, so I guess the risks are a little bit higher because of that, I tend to go out a lot more on my own to meet up with friends; so yeah there are times I think I am more likely to have something happen, said by female respondents. In response to the question for reason for different behaviour of women and men over fear of crime, most of the respondents said that the social construction and the masculine factor of not admitting fear even when one possesses it makes women express more about the fear of crime than men. However, one of the respondents mentioned the role of ones education, set-up and kind of person one is, in holding different behaviour of fear of crime. It can be analyzed from the above responses that societal construction and difference in behaviour of men and women regarding being manly and feminine are influential factors for gender differences in fear and crime. Discussion and conclusion From the analysis of the primary responses and secondary research, it can be inferred that there are certain influential factors in shaping the fear of crime among individuals. As identified from the responses, good neighbourhood reduces the risk of being a victim of crime, while the same is enhanced in vice-versa situation. Wynne (2008) has also mentioned the significance of natural surveillance and neighbourhood incivilities in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. Fetchenhauer and Buunk (2005) throws light on women fearing more of crime than men arising from the sexual selection that favours risk taking behaviour men and protective behaviour of women. Primary research also confirms the fact that women worry more of fear of crime than men and is due to the natural attributes of male and females. Primary responses also shed light on gender differences in worst case scenario for occurrence of crime. While men are mostly concerned of home invasion and being robbed or mugged in street, women were most fearful about sexual assaults followed by burglary. Zebrowski (2007) supports the finding stating that women also feel worried due to consequence of other crime scenarios, such as burglary, where woman could also face a sexual attack. Role of media and other indirect experiences of crime increase the level of anxiety among individuals as mentioned by Farrall and Lee (2008). Primary research supports the finding as it is analyzed that most of the responses pointed towards media stories, heard stories and personal knowing of a victim having influenced their level of fear of crime. Patriarchal ideology of society and subordination of women to men leads to women fearing more than men (Kinsella 2011). Findings from the responses are in coherence with the secondary research as most of the respondents agreed that women stereotyped as being weak and subordinate contributes to their level of fear of crime. As Moore and Shepherd (2007) speak of older women being less fearful than younger women of being sexually assaulted, findings from interview also points on more likelihood of young women being victimized due to sexual assault or rape. However, social and physical vulnerability increases in old age leading to more fear of crime, which is also supported in the study by Doran and Burgess (2011). It can be concluded from overall research that influential factors in the framing of fear of crime among individuals include age, neighbourhood, gender differences and stereotypes, and indirect experiences of crime through media, interpersonal communications and knowing of a victim of crime. Fear of being victimized is higher in females than males and this can be attributed to the societal construction and natural sexual selection that favours risk-taking attitude of men, and risk-avoiding and protective attitude of women. Limitations of the research The research study is confined to a single geographic location due to which the results cannot be generalized to other societies or geographies. The comparison of the responses of one geographic location with another was not done. Personal judgment of the respondents and variation in individual opinions while responding was another limitation of the research. The primary data is collected by using interview method. In this research work, the interview has been conducted with only 12 individuals in Canberra. This is another point of limitation as this would create problems in driving relevant findings and generalizations. All in all, the limitation involved in this research is low sample population for interview purpose. Future Recommendations There should be inclusion of more than one geographic location so that comparison can be made between geographies regarding the fear of crime which can also help in generalization of the result. To collect more and more precise data about the research problem, it is recommended to use only authentic and reliable sources to collect general information and further use this information for finding specific outcomes in more appropriate way. The sample size should be selected taking into consideration the purpose of the research so as to arrive at more authentic findings and results in respect of the research problem.

Constructing Fantasy in Hitchcocks Vertigo Essay -- Alfred Hitchcock

Constructing Fantasy in Hitchcock's Vertigo The amount of critical analysis surrounding Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo is itself dizzying, but as the film has recently been restored, it seems appropriate to provide it with a fresh critical reading. The purpose of this paper then, is to draw this film out of the past with a reading that offers not only a new way of understanding it, but a close look at the culture that produced it. Specifically, Vertigo offers its most exciting ideas when contextualized in a culture of consumerism. Consumerism shaped the film, and also shapes the way we view it. The desire of the consumer is the driving force behind not only our economy, but our mode of seeing the world, and seeing films. As consumers, we are always looking for, and looking at, new commodities, especially clothing. We gaze at clothing in shop windows. We purchase it and wear it, making it visible to others. Indeed, the desire to buy clothing is linked closely to our desire to show it off. We shop in a visual economy, a visual culture of consumption. To understand this culture it is important to understand the historical figure of the flà ¢neur. The flà ¢neur is a wandering male consumer of images who is, and was, particularly in the nineteenth century, the visual and economic agent at the center of consumer culture. He is also at the center of Vertigo, personified in the main character, Scotty. The flà ¢neur is an inveterate urban wanderer and voyeur who is at home in the public spaces. In the words of Baudelaire, "for the perfect flà ¢neur, for the passionate spectator, it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and flow of movement" (qtd. in Brand 5). Walter Benjamin, in his work on the... ...lso of women displayed in windows. 3 Sometimes coincidence aids criticism. Kim Novak was, according to Hitchcock, quite proud of the fact that she didn't wear a bra during the filming of Vertigo (Truffaut 248). Works Cited Brand, Dana. The Sectator and the City in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Gleber, Anke. The Art of Taking a Walk: Flanerie, litera ture, and Film in Weimar Culture. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1999. Friedberg, Anne. Window Shopping: Cinema and the Postmodern. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Simmons, Patricia. "Women in Frames: The Gaze, the Eye, the Profile in Renaissance Portraiture." The Expanding Discourse. Ed. Norma Broude and Mary Garrard. New York: Harper Collins. 39-57. Steele, Richard. "Spectator No. 454" 1712. The Spectator, A new edition. Cincinnati: Applegate & Co., 1857.

Interview about Personality

I have conducted an interview with regards to someone’s personality. This paper intends to compare the interviewee’s answers to that of mine. It also aims to ask questions that are related to cognition, effects of culture on emotions, effects of gender on emotions, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, as well as, problem solving. Allow me to first post the question, my friend’s response, and the last one to be placed is mine. 1) Question: Do you remember information more accurately if you observe the behavior? Or do you prefer to read how the behavior is performed? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I am more likely to remember if I have personally observed what happened† (White, 2008). â€Å"I cannot really explain it but I can better remember things that I have seen than if I only read it† (White, 2008). My Response: I am not very sure how to weigh it. My memory is extremely sharp that I can remember very well an occurrence that I have observed, as well as, a behavior that I have merely read. 2) Question: Do you prefer to study in the library? Or at home where it is noisy and distractions are present? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I prefer to study in places where I can concentrate a lot better, so yes, I prefer the library† (White, 2008). â€Å"I never really study at home because it is too noisy: first of all, there’s my brother who never seems to know how to tone down the volume of his computer’s speakers, television, or stereo; second, my younger sister and brother who always seem to be in an argument; and last but not least, my mom and dad who always discusses about several issues that interest them† (White, 2008). My Response: I prefer to stay at home. Although, there may be distractions at home, like the television, the radio, or the computers, and my family, I still prefer to study at home. I do not like it when it is too quite. For instance, in the library, not hearing anything at all, makes me go crazy, I will probably even fall asleep in there. I just feel so much better studying at home. 3) Question: Have you taken the Myers Briggs test? Would you mind sharing the result/s? My Friend’s Answer: Yes I already did take that test, the results stated that, â€Å"I am a slightly expressed introvert, that I have a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality† (Humanmetrics, 2008). â€Å"According to the test, it means that I am an introvert, not sensible, not a thinker, and quite judging† (White, 2008). My Response: Yes, I took that test as well and the results were the following, â€Å"I am a slightly expressed extrovert, a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality† (Humanmetrics, 2008). Simply put, it means that, I am an extravert somehow, not sensible, a bit of a thinker, and not a judging person (Humanmetrics, 2008). 4) Question: Do you feel that the Myers Briggs test results are accurate? Why/Why not? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"For me, it was not accurate as the results did not actually match with my personality† (White, 2008). My Response: I can only agree with the interviewee’s claim. Mine did not match my personality as well. 5) Question: Which experiences do you feel contributed most in the development of your personality? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"There are times when I am exceedingly impatient. There are also times when I would lash out at other people. I get irritated easily and get mad over trivial issues† (White, 2008). â€Å"Such personality of mine developed because I grew up with a terrible and violent grandfather, who actually lived with us for quite some time† (White, 2008). â€Å"I have witnessed how she would yell at my mom (his daughter) if money is being discussed about, for instance if he asks from her and my mom says no because she knows that the money will only be spent at the casino and other forms of gambling† (White, 2008). â€Å"When I was young, I even saw him hit my mother and my elder sister† (White, 2008). â€Å"When he lost his job, he began to borrow money from all sorts of people, and when he was not able to pay, these people pressed charges and that was also when he showed more aggression to everyone around him including my parents, sister, brother, and I (White, 2008). â€Å"This is why I turned emotionally unstable; there are times when I am extremely nervous and easily frustrated† (Meyers, 2004). The aforementioned experiences made me â€Å"disagreeable†, meaning, â€Å"ruthless, irritable, as well as, uncooperative† (Ticao, 2001). â€Å"Not to mention, the fact that I don’t seem to have enough drive and discipline; I felt hopeless about life every time I remember my grandfather† (White, 2008). My Response: I have encountered violence in my home as I grew up as well. But I never let myself get too engaged with such a negative occurrence. I did not allow myself to feel exceedingly fearful of such happenings. Lucky, I had the â€Å"ability to make a coping response†, if not I will probably become aggressive, impatient, irritable, uncertain, etc as well (Ticao, 2001). What I actually did was to make myself avoid thinking about my dark past and move on to the brighter side of everything. 6) Question: Do you feel that you are self-monitoring when it comes to attitude? How or how not? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that I am not self-monitoring, this is because, I am sure that I won’t have a terrible personality and set of attitudes if I was actually one† (White, 2008). I could have watched myself better, regulated or controlled myself, and became a better individual if I only became self-monitoring† (White, 2008). My Response: I have always been monitoring myself. I weigh things, reflect on whatever happened to me, and learn from it. I use my experiences instead to do something about myself and avoid turning into a terrible individual. 7) Question: What was the strongest influence to your attitude? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that the person who played a large role in molding the attitude/s that I possess now is my grandfather† (White, 2008). My Response: For me, all the people who showed aggression towards me played a role in who I am today and in what attitudes I now possess. I owe it to them how courageous and strong I am now. I have learned so much because of them. For instance, I am disciplined, driven, and motivated to improve the standards of my life because of the negative experiences that I have been faced with. 8) Question: What role does a person’s race, gender, or ethnicity play when forming that person’s personality and attitudes? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that the aforementioned elements may have an effect on one’s personality and attitude† (Carson et. al., 1992). â€Å"For example, we all know that observing the behaviors of a particular race, gender, and ethnicity will already affect one’s attitude through what is known as â€Å"observational learning† (Carson et. al., 1992). Merely observing will infuse an attitude to the observer (Carson et. al., 1992). My Response: I feel that because the elements are stereo-typing inclined then it really means that it has the capability of affecting one’s personality/attitude (Carson et. al., 1992). 9) Question: Do you feel that you are better at tasks which are intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I am not driven to carry out things. In fact, there are times when I do it only for the money; thus I am extrinsically motivated† (Brophy, 1998). My Response: I am just the opposite though, I do things without anything in exchange (Morris et. al., 2005). References Brophy, J. (1998). Motivation. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill. Carson, R.C. & Butcher, J.N. (1992). The World of Abnormal Psychology. New York: Harper Collins. Humanmetrics. (2007). Jung Typology Test. Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htm Meyers, D. (2004). Psychology: Seventh Edition. New York: Worth Publishers. Morris, C.G. & Maisto, A.A. (2005). Psychology: An Introduction, 12th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall. Ticao, C. J. (2001). Introduction to Psychology. Quezon City: UP Press. White, U.P. (2008). Personal Interview.   

Samuel BeckettS Waiting For Godot Essays - Theatre Of The Absurd

Samuel BeckettS Waiting For Godot Essays - Theatre Of The Absurd Samuel BeckettS Waiting For Godot Nothing to be done, is one of the many phrases that is repeated again and again throughout Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot. Godot is an existentialist play that reads like somewhat of a language poem. That is to say, Beckett is not interested in the reader interpreting his words, but simply listening to the words and viewing the actions of his perfectly mismatched characters. Beckett uses the standard Vaudevillian style to present a play that savors of the human condition. He repeats phrases, ideas and actions that has his audience come away with many different ideas about who we are and how beautiful our human existence is even in our desperation. The structure of Waiting For Godot is determined by Becketts use of repetition. This is demonstrated in the progression of dialogue and action in each of the two acts in Godot. The first thing an audience may notice about Waiting For Godot is that they are immediately set up for a comedy. The first two characters to appear on stage are Vladimir and Estragon, dressed in bowler hats and boots. These characters lend themselves to the same body types as Abbot and Costello. Vladimir is usually cast as tall and thin and Estragon just the opposite. Each character is involved in a comedic action from the plays beginning. Estragon is struggling with a tightly fitting boot that he just cannot seem to take off his foot. Vladimir is moving around bowlegged because of a bladder problem. From this beat on the characters move through a what amounts to a comedy routine. A day in the life of two hapless companions on a country road with a single tree. Beckett accomplishes two things by using this style of comedy. Comedy routines have a beginning and an ending. For Godot the routine begins at the opening of the play and ends at the intermission. Once the routine is over, it cannot continue. The routine must be done again. This creates the second act. The second act, though not an exact replication, is basically the first act repeated. The routine is put on again for the audience. The same chain of events: Estragon sleeps in a ditch, Vladimir meets him at the tree, they are visited by Pozzo and Lucky, and a boy comes to tell them that Godot will not be coming but will surely be there the following day. In this way repetition dictates the structure of the play. There is no climax in the play because the only thing the plot builds to is the coming of Godot. However, after the first act the audience has pretty much decided that Godot will never show up. It is not very long into the second act before one realizes that all they are really doing is wasting time, Waiting for...waiting. (50) By making the second act another show of the same routine, Beckett instills in us a feeling of our own waiting and daily routines. What is everyday for us but another of th e same act. Surely small things will change, but overall we seem to be living out the same day many times over. Another effect of repetition on the structure of Godot is the amount of characters in the play. As mentioned before, the play is set up like a Vaudeville routine. In order to maintain the integrity of the routine, the play must be based around these two characters. This leaves no room for extra characters that will get in the way of the act. To allow for the repetition of the routine to take place the cast must include only those characters who are necessary it. The idea that the two characters are simply passing time is evident in the dialogue. The aforementioned phrase, Nothing to be done, is one example of repetition in dialogue. In the first half-dozen pages of the play the phrase is repeated about four times. This emphasizes the phrase so that the audience will pick up on it. It allows the audience to realize that all these two characters have is the hope that Godot will show up. Until the time when Godot arrives, all they can do is pass